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Birds > Flight 2 > Flashcards

Flight 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermal soaring ?

A

Convection currents are created by uneven heating of the ground
Used by birds

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2
Q

What type of bird uses convection currents ?

A 
Migratory birds (Turkey vulture)
Generate height before flying over the ocean.
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3
Q

How do birds generate thrust ?

A

Flapping of wings in asymmetric motion

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4
Q

What is hovering ?

A

Maintaining a stationary position in air.

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5
Q

What are the 2 forms of hovering ?

A

True hovering

Wind hovering

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6
Q

What is Wind hovering ?

A

The bird flies into a head wind, balancing their forward propulsion to stay stationary

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7
Q

Which species used wind hovering ?

A

Osprey, when hunting for fish

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8
Q

What is true hovering ?

A

Maintenance of stationary position using wing stroke.

Wing air foil shape is maintained in upward and downward stroke.

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9
Q

Species which use true hovering, do not have a recovery stroke.
True or False ?

A

True, both flaps are for propulsion.

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10
Q

What system of hovering do humming birds use ?

A

True hovering

Wing beat- 52 beats per second.

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11
Q

Give the formula for wing loading.

A

Body weight/ Wing Area

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12
Q

What is low wing loading ?

A

The bird will have a large wing area relative to its body weight

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13
Q

What is high wing loading ?

A

The bird will have a small wing area relative to its body weight.

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14
Q

What are the difficulties with high wing loading ?

A

As their body weight isn’t fully supported by their small wings will often have difficulties taking off.

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15
Q

How do eagles overcome high wing loading ?

A

Jump off cliff to generate flight

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16
Q

How do swans overcome high wing loading ?

A

Will run across the waters surface.

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17
Q

Give the formula for aspect ratio ?

A

Wing area ^2/ Wing breadth

18
Q

Describe Elliptical shaped wings

A

Short, rounded wings with large wing slots.

Low aspect ratio

19
Q

What are the advantages of Elliptical shaped wings ?

A

Good manoeuvrability

Fast take off

20
Q

Describe the type of bird which will have Elliptical shaped wings.

A

Forest dwellers- manoeuvrable
(wood peckers)
Threatened by mammalian predation- Fast take off
(Pheasant, Grouse)

21
Q

Why do Elliptical shaped wings have large wing slots ?

A

Wings generate induced drag

Slots dissipate air as vortices are spread over a wider area.

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of Elliptical shaped wings ?

A

Generate huge induced drag

minimised by slotting of wings

23
Q

Describe High lift shaped wings.

A

Broad wings
Wing slots (reduced drag)
Moderate aspect ratio
Heavily cambered (curved)

24
Q

What is the advantage of High lift shaped wings ?

A

Able to carry heavy load with minimal energy loss

Excellent for soaring

25
Q

Which species have high lift shaped wings ?

A

Terrestrial soaring species

Eagles, vultures, storks

26
Q

Describe high speed shaped wings.

A

Wings swept back
Slender tip
No wing slots
High aspect ratio

27
Q

What are the advantages for high speed shaped wings ?

A

Aerial feeding

Long migrations

28
Q

Why do high speed shaped wings have no slots ?

A

The wing shape itself reduces induced drag

29
Q

Give some species which have high speed shaped wings.

A

Swallows, Swifts, Shorebirds

30
Q

Give an incredible adaption of swifts

A

Able to micro sleep whilst flying

Only return to land to breed

31
Q

Describe the adaptions of birds who use soaring as a means of travel

A

Long narrow wings
Now wing slots
High aspect ratio
Pointed wings- reduce drag when gliding

32
Q

What type of birds use soaring as a means of travel ?

A

Sea birds in a windswept environment

I.E. Albatross

33
Q

Give the 3 key functions of flight

A

Feeding, Courtship, Migration

34
Q

Give examples of species which are specially adapted for feeding whilst in flight

A

Hummingbirds- Drink nectar

Swifts and swallows

35
Q

Give 2 examples of bird groups which use flight for feeding ?

A 
Predatory birds (track down prey)
Scavengers (track carcass)
36
Q

Why is flight important in courtship ?

A

Enables displays, both singular and duets.

M&F in synchronisation

37
Q

Give an example of a species which migrates.

A

Willow Warbler
Alaska to Sahara.
10,000 km

38
Q

Why are wings required for migration ?

A

Small mammals are unable to travel large distances

Wings are an effective method.

39
Q

What is are the benefits of migration ?

A

Can raise more offspring as there are longer daylight hours.

Able to utilise resources in disparate habitats

40
Q

Describe the typical migration cycle of a UK bird.

A

Migrate to hot climate such as Africa
Will then migrate to equatorial zone to survive the winter
Will return home to UK

41
Q

Describe the migration phenomena affecting the UK

A

Some species are no longer migrating as same food source available in the UK due to global warming
Currently some species still migrating whilst others remain. One solution will prevail in time

42
Q

Describe the adaptions of underwater bird species.

A 
Increased weight (gravitational force no longer an issue)
Reduced buoyancy (2 dive)
Smaller wings- steering role

Birds (6 decks)

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