Flight Flashcards
Aircraft Stability
The tendency of an aircraft in flight to remain in straight and level flight, and to return to this attitude if disturbed without corrective action from the pilot.
Static Stability
The initial tendency to return (initial ‘wave’ motion).
Dynamic Stability
Overall tendency to return (diminishing ‘wave’ motion
Inherent Stability
The stability of the airplane due to its in built features.
Angle of Attack
Angle between chord line and relative airflow.
Induced Drag
Created by lifting surfaces of aircraft, cannot be eliminated. Decreases as aircraft speed increases.
Parasite Drag. 3 types. How to reduce each.
Form Drag- created by frontal form or shape of aircraft body. Reduced by retractable landing gear, no wing struts, streamlining.
Skin Friction- resistance of aircraft body to move through air. Reduce by keeping aircraft free of dirt, polishing, flush rivets.
Interference Drag- created by the joining of 2 aircraft parts. Struts to fuselage, wing to fuselage.
All 3 increase as aircraft speed increases.
Lift explained by Newtons 3rd Law
Every action creates and equal and opposite reaction. Airflow is directed downwards by airfoil, creating the reaction of lift.
Lift explained by Bernoulli’s Principle
As a stream of fluids velocity increases, pressure decreases. An airfoil’s shape causes the airflow overtop of the wing to speed up, causing pressure to decrease. With more pressure underneath the wing, lift is created.
What are wing tip vortices. Explain ground effect.
Circular swirls of air created by an airfoil creating lift. Ground effect is when the aircraft is close to the ground, and created vortices are interrupted and the risk is minimized.
What are wing flaps
High lift devices which increase the camber of the airfoil and in some cases increases surface area of the wing.
What are the 3 axes of an aircraft. What is the name of movement that each one controls.
Longitudinal axis- nose to tail. Controls bank.
Lateral axis- wingtip to wingtip. Controls pitch.
Vertical axis- passes through center of aircraft as a vertical line. This movement is yaw.
Which three instruments are in the pitot-static system. What information does each one show. What does each use to receive the information.
Altimeter- Shows height (altitude). Static port takes in air to read pressure.
Airspeed indicator- Show airspeed using the pitot tube.
Vertical speed indicator- indicates speed of climb/decent. Measures rate of pressure change in static system.
What are the four strokes of an engine in order.
Induction, Compression, Ignition, Power
4 requirements to act as a flight crew member.
Appropriate (and valid) permit, license, rating, medical certificate. The pilot must be able to produce the documents.
What is a class in terms of aeroplanes.
Aeroplanes that have similar operating characteristics, example single engine SE, multi engine SME, centre-line thrust SCE, land aeroplanes L or sea aeroplanes S.
5 examples of pilot rating.
VFR over the top, night, instrument, instructor, high performance(individual type ratings).
CARS definition of a high performance aircraft. Includes maximum speed and stall speed.
Must be operable by a single pilot, max speed of 250 KIAS or greater and stall speed of 80 KIAS or greater.
Student Pilot Permit info and requirements. Medical, age, restrictions.
Fly as PIC under instructor supervision. Day VFT only, no passengers allowed.
Requirements: 14 years or older, Cat 1,3, or 4 medical (valid for 60 months), pass PSTAR, proof of age and citizenship.
Recreational Pilot Permit. Age, Medical cat and validation, formal testing
Minimum 16 yo, cat 1 3, or 4, valid for 60 months if under 40, if over 40 valid for 24 months. Ground school not needed, 60% on RPP exam OR PPL exam.
Recreational Pilot Permit flight restrictions/privileges. Class, passengers, rating.
Single engine non high performance only, max seating 4, day VFR, max one passenger INSIDE CANADA.
PPL. Age, med cat and val, school and testing.
17 yo, cat 1 or 3, valid for 60 months under 40 and 24 months over 40. 40 hours ground school and 60% on exam. Minimum 45 flight hours and pass flight test.
What are the 4 medical categories and what are their limitations.
Cat 1: Airline Pilots, Commercial, Private, Rec, Student.
Cat 2: ATC ONLY
Cat 3: Private, Rec, or Student
Cat 4: Rec and student
A PPL holder may… (3)
PIC or co pilot of an aeroplane of appropriate class and type in regards to the license rating.
PIC an ultra light
PIC or co pilot an aircraft for the holders flight training or flight test.
PPL recency requirements (5 years)
The holder must have acted as PIC or Co within 5 years preceding any flight, OR within 12 months preceding the flight gone up with an instructor for a review AND taken the PSTAR again (for PPL and RPP). The flight instructor will mark in the pilots log that knowledge and ability is satisfactory.
PPL 24 month Recency requirements.
Complete recurrent training program within 24 months preceding the flight. This could be a flight review with an instructor, OR a seminar (Transport Canada, Rust Remover, etc.
6 month recency requirements PPL (passenger carrying)
When a passenger other than a flight instructor is on board, within 6 months preceding the flight:
For a day flight, 5 night OR day takeoffs, and 5 night OR day landings.
For a night flight, 5 NIGHT takeoffs and 5 NIGHT landings.
CAR definition of an airplane (3 components)
- Power Driven
- Heavier than air
- Surfaces that remain fixed during flight
