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Parasitology > Flies > Flashcards

Flies Flashcards

1
Q

Order?

A

Diptera (2 wings)

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2
Q

Presence of wing ?

A

Adult - yes, one pair
Some - wingless

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3
Q

Feed on?

A

vertebrate blood or on saliva, tears or mucus

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4
Q

IH OF ?

A

helminth and blood protozoan

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5
Q

Alternately feed

A

on feces and on food

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6
Q

Vectors of

A

bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, chlamydia

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7
Q

larvae (maggots)

A

Live on subcutaneous tissues of the skin, respiratory passages, or GI tract of vertebrate host -myisasis

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8
Q

Larvae vs adult

A

different structure and behaviour

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9
Q

lifecycle

A

complex with complete metamorphosis
some are parasites only in larval stages

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10
Q

MORPHOLOGY
DIVISION
SIZE
DIFFERENTIATED THROUGH

A

HEAD, THORAX AND ABDOMEN
SIZE 0.5 MM - 10 MM
is differentiated through wing patter, mouth parts, colour or pattern on thorax and abdomen

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11
Q

Life history

A

Holometabulous life cycle
EGG > LARVAE > PUPAE > ADULTS
Larvae undergo complete metamorphosis - entire body is reorganised and reconstructed
Pupa is a bridge between juvenile and adult. It is metabolically very active - old larval tissue and organs are lost - replaced by adult organ

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12
Q

EGG STAGE

A

Most flies are oviparous where oval eggs laid in batches
A few species are oviviparous where the egg hatch in oviduct and female deposits larvae

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13
Q

Larvae (maggots) stage

A

3-5 larval stages
Soft, legless and segmented
In some species, are parasitic (myiasis)\

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14
Q

Pupae stage

A

Visible external appendages
Develops within a cocoon or puparium

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15
Q

Adult stage

A

Duration of life cycle and length of time adults live vvary between species

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16
Q

Direct pathogenic significance

A

Dermatitis or pruritus (esp in blood-sucking fly)
Hypersensitibity reaction (painful bites) - culicoides in horses
Secondary infection (bite wound provides sites for screw worns (CHRYSOMYIA BEZZIANA)
Downgrading of hides (hypoderma and myiasis)
Blood loss (mosq, tabanids - 0.5 litre blodd per day from one cow)

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17
Q

Indirect pathogenic significance

A

Disturbance (annoyance and irritation)
- stamping behaviour and self-injury
- irritation due to bites and salivation
- peak activity , eg culicoides, mosq - intolerable to human and man
IH to trypanosome, anaplasma and dirofilaria immitis
Disease - trypanosomiasis, anaplasmosis, filariasis
Production loss - milk and meat up to 20% (S. calcitrans)

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18
Q

Examples of nematocera (small mosquito)

A

Culicoides
Aedes
Anopheles
Culex

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19
Q

Example of brachycera ( large fly)

A

Tabanus
Chrysops
Haematopota

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20
Q

Both sexes feeding on blood

A

stable flies, horn flies, buffalo flies, tsese flies, sheep keds and louse flies

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21
Q

Female feeding on blood

A

black flies, sand flies, biting midges, mosquitoes, horse flies, and deer flies

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22
Q

Examples of cyclorrhapha
small to medium mosquito

A

Musca
Stomoxys
Haematobia
Chrysomya

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23
Q

General morphology of nematocera

A

small, slender and delicate
Long filamentous antennae, composed of many articulating segment
Long and narrrow wing with conspicuous longitudinal veins
Pendulous palp with 4 to 5 segment
Female is parasitic and have piercing mouthparts
Egg laid in or near water - aquatic larvae and pupae - larvae are mobile and have recognizable head

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24
Q

Culicoides (Biting Midges-agas)

A

Over 1000 species
Feed on birds and mammals
Painful bites causing pruritic dermatitis (hypersensitivity reaction) in horses
Feed mainly on head and neck hosts
Breed in damp, marshy ground or decaying vegetation
Larvae aquatic lives on edges of lakes, streams, mud holes, etc
Only female are blood feeders
Not strong fliers - stay close to host and breeding sites

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25
Q

Importance of midges

A

Bites causing itching and swelling
Causes allergic dermatitis in horses
IH of filarial worms in man and in animals (onchorcerca in cattle and horses)
Ih of Leucocytozoon cauleryii in poultry
Transmit BT in sheep
Transmit fowl pox

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26
Q

Culicidae (mosquitoes)
Aquatics breeders

A

Feed on nectar and plant juices but females need initial blood meal for ovarian development and between each egg batch

27
Q

Importances of culicidae

A

Cause considerable nuisance and reduced productivity, exhibit severe hypersensitivity reaction - secondary bacterial infection.
More important to man (malaria, dengue fever and various form of encephalitis

28
Q

Life cycle of culicidae

A

4 larval stages
Aquatic- distinct head with 1 pair of antennae
Hatch depends on temperature
Pupae are at water surface, mobile and coma-shaped
Adult short lifespan - female(2-3w) , male shorter - string fliers

29
Q

Feeding periods of mosquitos

A

Culex: nocturnal , active at night
Aedes: diurnal, active at day times
Anopheles: crepuscular, active at twilight

30
Q

Pathogenic effects of mosquitoes

A

Annoyance and blood loss
Decreased milk and meat production
Intermediate host for several parasites
a) filarial parasites - Dirofilaria immitis - culex, anopheles (heartworms)
b) malaria parasites - Plasmodium juxtanucleare and P. gallinaceum
c) mechanical carriers - fowl pox (culex, aedes)

31
Q

Brachycera morphologies

A

Large flies up to 25 mm long large broad head and bulging eyes with stout antenna
3 segments of antennae with annulation at the last segment
Cross vein present at vein
Female use slashing sponging mouthparts to pierce skin of host and then feed on pooled of blood (combination of sponging and blood sucking)
Eggs on vegetation overhanging mud and shallow water - large larvae - aquatic and mobile - usually found in mud

32
Q

Maxillae function

A

cut skin and pull blood

33
Q

Labium and labellum function

A

suck blood

34
Q

Importances brachycera

A

Bites are deep and painful causing disturbance
Mechanical vectors of anthrac, pasteurella, retrovirus, pesti virus, trypanosoma and anaplasma

35
Q

Pathogenic effects of Tabanids

A

Animal restless - painful bites and irritating
Mechanical carriers of:
bacterial diseases - anthrax, tularaemia
viral diseases - equine infectious tularaemia
Protozoan disease - surra (trypanosoma evansi), sleeping sickness (t. brucei), anaplasma marginale

36
Q

Cylorrhapha

A

Small to medium sized flies
Short, 3 segment antennae with last segment have feather like attachment - arista
Wings-cross venation
Small maxillary palp

37
Q

Sponging mouth parts of cyclorrhapa

A

Feeding on liquid film
Eg: house flies, blow flies and face flies

38
Q

Biting mouthparts of cyclorrhapa

A

puncture skin and drink blood
eg: stable flies, horn flies, tsetse flies

39
Q

Larvae

A

mobile and worm like > maggots
Pupate on ground and immobile

40
Q

Musca ; house fly

A

m. domestica, m. sorbens
Liquid feeders, no piercing mouth parts
Nuisance pests of livestock and human

41
Q

Morphology of musca

A

grey thorax with 4 dark longitudinal stripes
abdomen yellow brown

42
Q

Life cycle of musca

A

Eggs laid in batches about 100-500 every 3-4 days interval
In feces, decomposing organic material - larvae hatch within 12 hours
3 Stadia - matured larvae 8-12 mm long (3-4 days)
Pupa in dry cool sites near breeding material bury in ground - reddish brown puparium.
LC can be completed in 7-10 days

43
Q

Pathology

A

Closely associated with livestock, humans, buildings and organic wastes
Potential transmission of viral, bacterial and parasitic organism (hair, body and regurgitation).
Pathogen include thypoid, cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax and conjuctivitis

44
Q

Hematobia

A

smaller than stomoxys calcitrans, about 4 mm long
Palp as long as proboscis
Thorax with 2 dark stripes
Hovers around face and body of cattle and buffaloes
Infestation reahes 1000-4000 flies per animal and to as high as 10,000 to 20000 per animal

45
Q

haematobia (lyperosia)
info

A

Buffalo fly - h. exigua, buffalo and cattle as host
smallest blood sucking muscid- greyish like musca but biting fly
Both sexes feed several time per day - feed frequently (40x)
Close to host, in swarms and fly away only to lay eggs on fresh faeces

46
Q

Effects on hosts

A

Interferes with grazing period
Bites are painful and irritating causing intense irritation and skin wounds may attract myiasis flies
Fly specking
Blood loss, low milk and meat production by 10-20%
Transmit surra, anthtax and HS
IH of habronema and stephanofilaria stilesi

47
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies)

A

Resembles musca domestica - similar in size + grey + 4 longitudinal stripes on thorax
7-8 mm long
Biting mouthpartss
Abdomen shorter and broader than musca domestica
Both male and female feed on blood

48
Q

Life cycle

A

Habitat: in and around farm building

Feed: blood, several times a day
Rest: walls,fences or trees
Eggs: laid in wet straw, old stable bedding or manure
laid in batches of 20 to 50, total up to 700 pupation in complete darkness, complete lc in 4 weeks

49
Q

Pathology effects of stomoxys calcitrans

A

Painful bites, annoying and destructive pest of horses and ruminants
May cause 10-15% loss of body weight reductio in milk in some cases up to 40-60%
Mechanical transmitter of protozoa (T. evansi, T. brucei, etc (all t.)), bacteria (bacillum anthracis, P. multicoda (HS). Equine infectious anemia
IH of Habronema spp. Stomach worm of horses

50
Q

Epidemiological Triad
Host

A

Availability of host
Maggot at wound, untreated navel

51
Q

Epidemiological Triad
Environment

A

Depend on species
Availability of breeding material and cleanliness
Available all year round

52
Q

Epidemiological Triad
Agent

A

Depend on species, breeding sitem feeding material

53
Q

WAYS TO CONTROL FLIES

A
  1. personal protection - repellant, proper clothing
  2. Application of insecticides on animals and habitat - dipping, sprays, mist or fogs
  3. Habitat modification
    - altered water flow level
    - larvae/pupae of nematocera in oil film
    - constant removal of faeces
  4. Sanitation and surveilance
    - fecal management, food storage, environment and water disposal
  5. Baits and traps
    - light traps, sticky traps, tunnel traps, electrocution
  6. Biological (predators, natural competitors, parasites/pathogen)
    - dung beetle, wasp, aquatic predator
  7. Genetic control
    - gamma radiated pupae, sterilise male
  8. Chemicals
    Benzol - kills maggots
    Pyrethroids - residual sprays
    Pyrethrins - short half life
    Fenoxycarb - insect growth regulator
54
Q

What is myisasis flies

A

Dipterous insects whose larvae invade tissue and organs of man and animals causing myiasis
Adults dont suck blood
Grouped according to their ovipositioning and larvapositioning habits

55
Q

Accidental myisasis

A

Rare chance event of myiasis
Accidental ingestion of fly eggs
Eg: musca spp, sarcophaga spp

56
Q

Obligatory myiasis

A

A living host is required to complete development (will not survive without a living host)
Eg: scwrew worm flies, bot flies, warble flies

57
Q

Facultative myiasis

A

Living host tissue is not required to complete development
eg: flesh flies, green bottle flies, blue bottle flies, black bottle flies

58
Q

Life history

A

Egg deposited on animal or vegetation > hatch in 24 hours > 3 larval stages follow (with feeding) > After 3rd stage larva finishes feeding drops off host and finds as suitable place to pupate (usually burrows into the ground) > after pupation, adults emerge (may or may not feed before mating and depositing eggs)

59
Q

Screw-worm myiasis

Chyrysomya bezziana

A

Only species causing cutaneous myiasis in animals, occasionally in man

60
Q

characteristics of chrysomya bezziana

A

Bluish-green fly with orange-brown eyes
Female will only lay eggs on injured skin or body orifices of any warm-blooded animal
Are veracious tissue feeders - large foul smelling wounds
OBLIGATE PARASITE IN WOUND - feed on living tissue and never developns or carcass or other organic materials

61
Q

Predisposing factors of lalat hijau

A

wound resulting from dehoning, castration and branding
tick and fly bites
perineal area of a cow that has recently calved
Navel of newborn calves

62
Q

Pathology

A

C/S
irritation, discomfort, pruritus, weight loss, reduced fertility
Heavy infestation causes severe tissue damage, hemorrhage, anaphylaxis, toxemia, and or bacterial infections (cause death if not treated)

63
Q

Treatment and control

A

Occlusion or suffocation - force larvae to surface to search for air - remove them by forceps or tweezers
Lidocaine - swelling force larvae to surfaces - easy to be grasped and removed
Ivermectin treatment
Drench and dip sheep with insecticides toprevent larval growth
Wound cleaning - apply myiaseptic cream +nagasunt power and bandage
daily wound cleaning and larvae removal
Repeated process until wound is free of maggots

Parasitology (3 decks)

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