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intro to exercise prescription > flexibility + mobility > Flashcards

flexibility + mobility Flashcards

1
Q

What is flexibility?

A

the ability of a joint to move through a full ROM

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2
Q

What is mobility?

A

movement ability during multi-joint actions during body segment coordination

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3
Q

Important note on flexibility + mobility in a client?

A

client can be flexible at a joint but have poor mobility in a region

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4
Q

Differences in bilateral joint capabilities depend on what 7 factors?

A

genetic variations, activity participation, strength balance, activation issues, connective issue discrepancy, resting postural alignment, joint injury

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5
Q

What are the benefits of flexibility?

A
  1. increased movement range
  2. reduction in rate of functional decline
  3. stress reduction
  4. reduced tension
  5. muscle relaxation
  6. postural symmetry
  7. reduced incidence of muscle cramps
  8. reduced risk of injury
  9. relief of muscle pain
  10. improved QOL
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6
Q

Activities emphasizing flexibility reduce musculoskeletal stress via…?

A

alleviation of tension, reduction of psychomotor distraction, improved state of overall relaxation

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7
Q

HOW does our body being more flexible = lower stress?

A

via parasympathetic ANS engagement, or engagement of relationship b/w proprioceptors and autonomic nervous system allows the body to learn that a certain position is ok, and then allows to body to relax

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8
Q

What is hypermobility?

A

mobility defined by movement capacity BEYOND normal ROM

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9
Q

What are the soft tissues in the human body?

A

muscle + fascia; tendons + ligaments; skin, fat, + collagen; synovial membranes; nerves + blood vessels

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10
Q

3 properties of soft tissue?

A

elasticity, viscosity, and plasticity

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11
Q

What is elasticity?

A

the ability of a stretched tissue to return to its original state, like a rubber band

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12
Q

What is plasticity?

A

property of soft tissue in which the tissue can become permanently elongated after stretching

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13
Q

What is viscosity?

A

property of soft tissue in which there is a variable fluid resistance to stretch

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14
Q

How do muscle and connective tissue impact ROM?

A

they are the key contributors to movement resistance; joint capsule at 47% and muscle fascia at 41%

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15
Q

What is collagen?

A

a type of protein that determines the extensibility of a tissue

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16
Q

What types of structures have HIGH collagen content?

A

joint capsules, ligaments, fascia

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17
Q

What is extensibility?

A

the capability of a tissue to be stretched

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18
Q

What is elastin?

A

a fiber that allows for greater deformation and stretching potential

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19
Q

What types of structures have high elastin content?

A

found in greater quantities within muscle

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20
Q

What can high muscle stress lead to?

A

myofascial restriction, trigger points, and pain

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21
Q

How can restriction/trigger points be alleviated?

A
  1. stretching
  2. manual massage
  3. thermotherapy
  4. electrotherapy
  5. accupressure
  6. pressure rolling
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22
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

receptors that identify length/speed and are associated with stretch reflex

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23
Q

Activation of muscle spindles

A

not activated under slow, controlled stretches; WILL activate to prevent overstretching, especially w/ rapid movement

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24
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

A

proprioceptors located in the musculotendinous junction that can create autogenic inhibition of the muscle to protect form a tear or overstretch

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25
Q

What is autogenic inhibition?

A

the reduction in muscle excitability in response to high tension that is self-induced by the muscle due to negative feedback signaled by the activation of the GTOs

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26
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

type of somatosensory receptors found in synovial joints to signal/detect stretch velocity, pain, joint pressure, posture sensation, + reflex inhibition

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27
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

the relaxation of musculature on one side of a joint to accommodate a contraction of opposing musculature on the opposite side

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28
Q

What type of contractile relationships are involved in RECIPROCAL inhibition?

A

agonist-antagonist contractile relationships

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29
Q

How does age impact ROM?

A

as we age, we lose elastic capabilities of muscles, which makes it harder to move around. when it’s hard to move around, we do not WANT to move around

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30
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

an individual section or part of a muscle fiber

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31
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

a condition in which sarcomeres, actin/myosin are replaced with collagen; lose ability to contract + loss of ROM

32
Q

What has the greatest impact on functional decline?

A

physical activity! so, get active and stay active

33
Q

How does gender affect ROM?

A

females possess some anatomical variances, and therefore believed to be more flexible b/c of them, but ROM is nearly equal across gender

34
Q

Differences in ROM for very muscular bodybuilders?

A

b/c they are very muscular, they can have such large muscle mass that it can impede movements

35
Q

Differences in ROM for obese clients?

A

these differences occur mainly due to adipose tissue stored in the trunk, which impedes movements

36
Q

What type of training is useful for ROM?

A

unilateral (one-sided), open-circuit (DB) training

37
Q

How does immobility and pain impact ROM?

A

immobility greatly impacts ROM and elasticity/extensibility via sarcomere absorption

38
Q

What is sarcomere absorption?

A

the process of your body removing sarcomeres, particularly when injured (and thus immobile), because when you are hurt, you don’t move for awhile, and your body does this when you don’t move ENOUGH

39
Q

Effect of discomfort thresholds on ROM?

A

the more pain a client can tolerate, the quicker he/she can come back after stretching

40
Q

How can discomfort following an injury be alleviated?

A

by enhanced warm-ups

41
Q

What is bursitis?

A

painful inflammation of soft, fluid-filled sacs that cushion movement between bones, tendons, and muscles near a joint

42
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

inflammation, swelling, and irritation of a tendon; can be caused by overuse, direct injury, or aging

43
Q

What are impingement syndromes?

A

painful entrapment of a tendon b/w bony aspects of a joint; most commonly found in the shoulder

44
Q

What is fasciitis?

A

a condition in which the fascia across a body segment becomes inflamed; most common = plantar fasciitis

45
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

degenerative joint disorder w/ aging which commonly impacts the hips, knees, toes, and spine that results in the loss of elasticity in connective tissue, development of bone spurs

46
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

an inflammatory, autoimmune joint disorder which can cause notable dysfunction, immobility, disability, and even premature death

47
Q

What is ankylosing?

A

the fusion of a joint; leading to the creation of a singular bone where a joint and two bones used to be

48
Q

What is gout?

A

arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid, which forms painful crystals

49
Q

What are the main factors affecting flexibility?

A
  1. knowledge of stretching techniques
  2. time availability
  3. identified deficiencies
  4. client’s pain tolerance + overall interest
  5. imbalances
  6. orthopedic limitations
  7. disease
50
Q

How do warm-ups improve rates of force development + reaction time?

A

if our core temperature is elevated from warming up, signals from our brains to our muscles are sent more quickly

51
Q

How do warm-ups help to lower viscous resistance in muscles?

A

during warm-ups, our core temperature increases, which causes synovial fluid, myglobin, and myoplasm to become less viscous, making muscle tissue to become less viscous

52
Q

How does warming up improve oxygen delivery?

A

oxygen release from hemoglobin and myoglobin is facilitated due to increased body/core temperature that results from warming up

53
Q

What type of stretching is preferred for BEFORE a workout?

A

during warm-ups, dynamic stretching is the preferred option

54
Q

Why is static stretching better for post-workout stretching?

A

b/c static stretching triggers GTOs, which inhibit and relaxes the muscle

55
Q

Difference b/w general and specific warm-ups?

A

general = 5-10 minutes of slow activity, like jogging
specific = 8-12 of dynamic stretching in movements that work thru sport’s ROM

56
Q

What is static flexibility?

A

the range of possible movement about a joint + surrounding muscles during a passive movement

57
Q

What is dynamic flexibility?

A

type of flexibility that refers to the available ROM during active movements, and therefore requires voluntary muscular actions

58
Q

When does a stretch reflex occur?

A

it happens when muscle spindles are stimulated during a rapid stretching movement

59
Q

In what way can stretching trigger autogenic inhibition?

A

via active contraction before a passive stretch of the same muscle, which will stimulate the GTOs, and therefore cause reflexive muscle relaxation

60
Q

In what way can stretching trigger reciprocal inhibition?

A

by contracting the muscle opposing the muscle that is being passively stretched, which stimulates the GTOs, and therefore causes reflexive muscle relaxation

61
Q

What is a static stretch?

A

a type of stretch that is slow and constant, w/ the end position being held for 30 seconds

62
Q

What is a ballistic stretch?

A

a type of stretch that typically involves active muscular effort and uses a bouncing-type movement in which the end position is not held

63
Q

What is a dynamic stretch?

A

a type of functionally-based exercise that uses sport-specific movements to prepare the body for activity

64
Q

What are the four types of stretches?

A

static, dynamic, ballistic, and PNF

65
Q

What is the relationship b/w duration of a static stretch and state of the muscle tissue?

A

the longer you hold a static stretch, the longer and more likely the tissue will readjust

66
Q

What is activated isolated stretching?

A

stretching that uses reciprocal inhibition to increase the muscle length rapidly; it is focused into specific ROMs to target the proximal or distal end of the muscle

67
Q

What are the four treatments for flexibility?

A

casting, static strength, stretch tables, and PNF

68
Q

What is casting?

A

an ultra long term flexibility treatment option that involves casting in the same way you would a broken limb

69
Q

How does casting help treat flexibility?

A

with each recasting, there are slight increases in ROM; helps with adding sarcomeres that might be lost from the slight atrophy of the bone/ muscle

70
Q

What are stretch tables?

A

a flexibility treatment option and form of static stretching that allows for the anchoring of the alternate limb

71
Q

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretch

A

a type of stretching that uses the proprioceptors in the brain and muscle to move the muscle

72
Q

hold-relax PNF

A
  1. passive pre-stretch for 10s
  2. isometric hold for 6s
  3. passive stretch for 30s
73
Q

contract-relax PNF

A
  1. passive pre-stretch for 10 seconds
  2. concentric muscle action thru full ROM
  3. passive stretch for 30 seconds
74
Q

hold-relax w/ agonist contraction PNF

A

same as hold-relax, except during the third phase of the passive stretch, concentric action of the agonist is used to increase the stretch force

75
Q

What is the main point to remember w/ PNF?

A

The hold-relax w/ agonist contraction is the most effective PNF stretching technique b/c it facilitates both autogenic and reciprocal inhibition.

76
Q

stretching + hypermobility

A

when it comes to static stretching, use caution/avoid stretching a hypermobile joint

77
Q

Effect of combination movements on the spine?

A

combination movements increase the risk of developing a herniated disc

intro to exercise prescription (3 decks)

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