Flea and Tick control Flashcards
When you find Flea eggs in your house, how did they likely get there?
Adult fleas prefer to live on the host. they lay their smooth eggs on the host. these eggs are displaced/dislodged due to movement such as the patient jumping off the couch, or going up stairs.
What does it mean when it says larvae are geotactic and phototactic
They seek to go deeper away from light. this is a protective mechanism. They go under the bed. they travel several feet. The environment of a carpet is ideal for a flea life cycle even if the rest of the room is not adequate.
When considering the distribution of life stages. the adult fleas we find with a flea comb composes what % of the flea infestation?
Live adult fleas compose 1% of the flea infestation Larva are 57% of the population
What are some properties of parasiticides when approaching flea and tick control
- Efficacy -> knockdown, residual effects - Ease of Application -> pet and premise - Cost - Owner acceptance - Toxicity
What are detrimental effects of flea infestations?
- mechanical irritation - anemia - Vectors of infectious diseases - parasites (diplidium caninum- Tapeworms) etc. - Dermatologic conditions - flea infestation - Flea allergy (flea bite hypersensitivity)
What are methods for diagnosis of fleas
direct observation of the adults or flea excrement
How does flea Allergy Dermatitis work
This is a flea bite hypersensitivity
- flea injects salivary proteins (haptens) during feeding
- May act as complete allergen or as a hapten by combining with dermal collagen proteins to form an antigen
- Severe allergic reaction ensues
- Mechanisms of hypersensitivity
- Type 1
- Type IV
- Cutaneous basophylic hypersensitivity
- Late phase reactions
Clinical features of fleas
severe pruritus
fleas may or may not be present (if clients bathe them)
Physical findings
- Dogs: dorsal lumbar area, caudal aspect of rear legs, ventrum
- Cats: similar to dogs…. or reaction patterns (miliary dermatitis, eosinophilic dermatitis.
Therapy for Flea Allergic Dermatitis
- Flea control
- ideal to prevent the bite
- in some geographic areas, vets will double up on products, but use products with different mechanisms of action
- Glucocorticoid therapy
- Prednisone at anti-inflammatory doses to control the inflammatory reaction
- Treat for 3-4 weeks to allow flea control to be effective
- Treat secondary infections
what is the philosophy behind flea control
control flea population on pet and in environment
All pets in the household should be treated
Minimize toxicity- use a multidisciplinary approach
Use integrated approach to reduce toxicity and maximize effectiveness
What is a holistic insecticide
Silica aerogel
Borates
what is the difference between Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids?
Pyrethroids are synthetically derived. Pyrethrins are derived from chrysanthemums
Can cats receive Pyrethroids or Pyrethrins?
no
What product is Cyphenothorin
Parastar
What product is Flumethrin
seresto collar
What is the knockdown and residual action for Pyrethrins?
Good knockdown but poor residual action
What is the knockdowna nd residual action of Pyrethroids
Decent knockdown and more residual effects
what is the chemical class for imidacloprid
Advantage
neonicotinoid
Neurotoxin of chloronicotinyl nitro
what is the difference between Advantage and Advantage II
Advantage contains pyriproxyfen which is an insect growth regulator
What is Advantix
Imidacloprid containing Permethrins
This is not to be used in cats.
What is Moxidectin used for
Heartworm prevention
What are advantages of Imidacloprids
not systemically absorbed
approved for dogs >7 weeks and cats >8 weeks of age
allegedly effective when wet
What chemical class is Nitenpyram?
Chemical Class: Neonicotinoid
Examples: capstar
Neurotoxin.
Ideal for treating fleas in dogs entering a hospital because of the effective knockout
Can Dinotefuran be used with Imidacloprid?
This should not be used in combination. this product is a 3rd generation neonicotinoid and could cause toxicityW
What product is Dinotenfuran
Vectra 3D for dogs
Vectra for cats
What Chemical class is Fipronil
Chemical class: Phenylprazole (acts as a neurotoxin)
Effective rapidly
What is an advantage of Fipronil?
Effective even when animal is wet
Approved for puppies and kittens older than 8 weeks of age.
Effective vs. ticks
What are disadvantages of Fipronil
may need to be applied more frequently such as every 2-3 weeks
Toxicc to environment
What chemical class is Selamectin
Macrocytic lactone
-potentiates release and effects of the neurotransmitter, GABA
what are selamectin uses
flea control
Controls ear mites
Treatment for sarcoptic mange and notoedric mange
Heartworm preventative
Hookworm and roundworm infections
Tick control
What are safety concerns for the use of Selamectin?
safe in 6 week- old pups/kittens at 10x dose
safe at recommended doses in ivermectin-sensitive Collie dogs
Safe in breeding males and pregnant/lactating females
Safe in dogs and cats with oral dose
-hypersalivation/vomiting in cats
Spinetoram chemical class
Chemical Class: Spinosyn (newer formulation of spinosad)
applied topically in cats.
What chemical class is Indoxacarb
Oxadiazine
- sodium channel blocker
- ingested by fleas, converted to active agent (mammals metabolize differently)
For dogs it is combined with permethrins
How do Isoxazoline parasiticides work
Block insect GABA and glutamate-gated chlorine channels
All appear to have excellent flea control
Effective against most/all ticks for 1-2 months.
Afoxolaner
Nexgard
Isoxazoline class- inhibits GABA and L glutamate-gated chloride channels
Currently labeled for flea and tick control
Fluralaner explanation
Isoxazoline class- inhibits GABA and L-glutamate-gated chloride channels
99% effective against fleas and ticks
Reported effective vs. D.canis (demodex)
Isoxazoline parasiticides combinations
simparica trio and revolution plus
- Simparica trio
- sarolaner,moxidectin, pyrantel
- fleas, ticks, heartworm, intestinal parasites
- Revolution Plus
- Selamectin, serolaner
- Fleas, ticks, ear mites, intestinal parasites, heartworm.
Spinosad
chemical Class: spinosyn - activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Product: Comfortis
Chewable, beef-flavored tablet given once monthly
efficacy: begins killing within 30 minutes
DON’T use with Ivermectin
How does the Seresto collar work
contains imidacloprid and flumethrin
flea, tick, chewing lice, mange
up to 8 months of protection
What are insect growth regulators: Juvenile hormone analogs
Methoprene
Pyreproxifen
Fenoxycarb
How does Methoprene work
IGR- juvenile hormone analog
not UV stabile
Products: frontline plus, ovitrol flea collars, several generic OTC products
Pyriproxyfen description
IGR-juvenile hormone analog (carbamate)
Advantages - stabile in UV light
Available as premise sprays
Product: knockout- has permethrin in it
Frontline Gold (for dogs or cats)-Fipronil, Methoprene, pyriproxyfen
Lufenuron
insect development inhibitor- chitin inhibitor
Product: Sentinel
given orall once monthly or by SC injection in cats
Advantages: easy to administer
CAN BE USED AS A STAND ALONE PRODUCT
What is the benefit of microencapsulation
reduces toxicity
May change the pharmacokinetics of the drug
These products are not available anymoer
What are physical methods of flea Control?
Pet- bathing and flea combs
Premise- Vacuum, clean carpets and area rugs
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