Flashcards- Regents Chemistry Vocabulary
A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances
decomposition
the process in which a gas changes directly into a solid; the reverse of sublimation
deposition
a molecule containing two identical atoms
diatomic molecule
the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two nuclei
double covalent bond
the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas; the reverse of deposition
sublimation
the site at which oxidation or reduction occurs; an anode or a cathode
electrode
substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means
element
a chemical reaction that absorbs heat, producing products with more potential energy than the reactants
endothermic
a chemical reaction in which ions exchange places
double replacement
property of a metal that enables it to be drawn into a wire
ductility
a system in which there is an electric current flowing while a chemical reaction occurs
electrochemical cell
a process in which an electric current forces a nonspontaneous redox reaction to occur
electrolysis
A substance whose water solution conducts an electric current
electrolyte
a cell that requires electricity to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur
electrolytic cell
a mathematical expression that shows the relationship of reactants and products of a system at equilibrium
equilibrium expression
a chemical reaction between an alcohol and an acid to produce an ester and water
esterification
an organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms (R1-O-R2)
ether
a fundamental particle of matter having a negative charge
electron
the distribution of the electrons in an atom
electron configuration
a measure of the attraction of a nucleus for a bonded electron
electronegativity
substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means
element
the distance from the nucleus to the outer energy level of the ion
ionic radius
the simplest integer ratio in which atoms combine to form a compound
empirical formula
a chemical reaction that absorbs heat, producing products with more potential energy than the reactants
endothermic
a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system
entropy
a condition in which the rates of opposing reactions are equal
equilibrium
the loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation state
oxidation
a mathematical expression that shows the relationship of reactants and products of a system at equilibrium
equilibrium expression
the organic product of an esterification reaction containing -COOC- as the functional group
ester
a chemical reaction between an alcohol and an acid to produce an ester and water
esterification
the amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral gaseous atom
ionization energy
an organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms (R1-O-R2)
ether
the process by which molecules in the liquid phase escape into the gaseous phase
evaporation
the distance from the nucleus to the outer energy level of the ion
ionic radius
the loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation state
oxidation
the condition that exists when the electrons of an atom occupy higher energy levels while lower energy levels are vacant
excited state
the amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral gaseous atom
ionization energy
a chemical reaction that releases heat, producing products with less potential energy than the reactants
exothermic
the substance reduced in a redox reaction
oxidizing agent
the group comprised of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom (-OH) responsible for the properties of alcohols
hydroxyl group
a chemical reaction that releases heat, producing products with less potential energy than the reactants
exothermic
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement
isomers
the ratio between the parts of solute per million parts of solution
parts per million
a phase of matter having a definite shape and volume; particles in this phase have a definite crystalline arrangement
solid phase
atom of an element that has a specific number of protons and neutrons
isotope
atom of an element that has a specific number of protons and neutrons
isotope
the concentration of a solution expressed as the ratio between the volume of the solute and total volume of the solution, expressed as a percent
percent by volume
a measure of how much solute will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a specific temperature
solubility
an organic reaction in which ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced from a carbohydrate
fermentation
a bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
ionic bond
a bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
ionic bond
splitting of large nuclei into middle-weight nuclei and neutrons
fission
material with a high solubility
soluble
splitting of large nuclei into middle-weight nuclei and neutrons
fission
material with a low solubility
insoluble
the composition of a compound as a percentage of each element compared with the total mass of the compound
percentage composition
the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present
formula mass
the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present
formula mass
a horizontal row of the periodic table
period
symbols and subscripts used to represent the composition of a substance
formula
a homogenous mixture of substances in the same physical state
solution
symbols and subscripts used to represent the composition of a substance
formula
the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
periodic law
the temperature at which both the solid and liquid phases of a substance exist in equilibrium; the same temperature as the substance’s melting point
freezing point
the temperature at which both the solid and liquid phases of a substance exist in equilibrium; the same temperature as the substance’s melting point
freezing point
matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
law of conservation of mass
any change in concentration, pressure, or temperature on an equilibrium system
stress
the constant temperature process in which particles in the liquid phase lose energy and change into the solid phase; also known as solidification; the reverse of the melting process
freezing
the constant temperature process in which particles in the liquid phase lose energy and change into the solid phase; also known as solidification; the reverse of the melting process
freezing
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
pH
the atom or atoms that replace a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon and give a class of organic compounds characteristics properties
functional group
a system at equilibrium will react to reduce a stress
Le Chatelier’s principle
a system at equilibrium will react to reduce a stress
Le Chatelier’s principle
the number written after a chemical symbol in a formula indicating the number of atoms present
subscript
the constant temperature process in which particles in the solid phase gain enough energy to break away into the liquid phase; also known as melting; the reverse of the freezing process; OR the combining of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus
fusion
a diagram that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element
Lewis dot diagram
a diagram that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element
Lewis dot diagram
one or more hydrogen atoms is removed from a saturated hydrocarbon and replaced by another atom
substitution reaction
a phase of matter having definite volume but no definite shape
liquid phase
a covalently bonded group of atoms that have a net electric charge
polyatomic ion
a covalently bonded group of atoms that have a net electric charge
polyatomic ion
a phase of matter without definite shape or volume
gaseous phase
the property of metals that allows them to be hammered into shapes
malleability
a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form one product
synthesis
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
an organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain
polymerization
the condition of an atom or ion in which the electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels
ground state
anything that has mass and volume
matter
an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is attached to three other carbon atoms
tertiary alcohol
an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is attached to three other carbon atoms
tertiary alcohol
a vertical column on the periodic table
group
a diagram showing the changes in potential energy as a reaction proceeds
potential energy diagram
the process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by a reaction with a solution of known concentration
titration
element whose atoms lose electrons in chemical reactions to become positive ions
metal
element whose atoms lose electrons in chemical reactions to become positive ions
metal
an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom at the end of a chain
primary alcohol
a radioisotope used to track a chemical reaction
tracer
the attraction of valence electrons for the positive kernels of metallic atoms
metallic bond
the attraction of valence electrons for the positive kernels of metallic atoms
metallic bond
a substance formed in a chemical reaction, shown to the right of the arrow in an equation
product
the changing of a nucleus of one element into that of a different element
transmutation
an element that has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
metalloid
the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
proton
the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
proton
the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two nuclei
triple bond
the concentration of a substance in moles per liter of solution
molarity
a compound or an element; a material in which the composition is the same throughout
pure substance
energy transferred from one substance to another; measured in units of calories or joules
heat
energy transferred from one substance to another; measured in units of calories or joules
heat
the number of carbon atoms present in 12.000g of carbon-12
mole
one of a set of four numbers that describes a property of an electron in an atom
quantum number
the amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point
heat of fusion
the actual ratio of the atoms in a molecule
molecular formula
the actual ratio of the atoms in a molecule
molecular formula
a concept that relates the chemical behavior of atoms to energy being transferred in discrete units called quanta
quantum theory
the amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a vapor at its boiling point
heat of vaporization
the smallest unit of a covalently bonded substance that has the properties of that substance
molecule
an unstable nucleus that is radioactive
radioisotope
a mixture in which the substances are not uniformly mixed
heterogeneous
each individual unit of a polymer
monomer
a starting substance in a reaction, show the the left of the arrow in an equation
reactant
the constant temperature process in which particles in the liquid phase gain enough energy to break away into the gaseous phase; also known as boiling; the reverse of condensation
vaporization
the constant temperature process in which particles in the liquid phase gain enough energy to break away into the gaseous phase; also known as boiling; the reverse of condensation
vaporization
a substance in which the particles are uniformly mixed
homogeneous
the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt
neutralization
the substance oxidized in a redox reaction
reducing agent
a group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before it by the same additional unit
homologous series
the uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
the gain of electrons and the loss of oxidation number
reduction
the current model of the atom that deals with the wave-particle duality of nature
wave-mechanical model
the crystalline form of an ionic substance that contains definite number of water molecules
hydrate
the crystalline form of an ionic substance that contains definite number of water molecules
hydrate
a nonreactive element that is in group 18 on the periodic table
noble gas
the product (other than water) of a neutralization reaction; an ionic substance consisting of a metallic cation and anion other than the hydroxide ion
salt
element whose atoms will gain or share electrons in chemical reactions
nonmetal
a part of a voltaic cell that connects two containers and allows the flow of ions
salt bridge
the attraction of a hydrogen atom in one molecule for an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom in another molecule
hydrogen bond
a bond formed by the equal sharing of a pair of electrons between two nuclei
nonpolar covalent bond
a bond formed by the equal sharing of a pair of electrons between two nuclei
nonpolar covalent bond
the reaction of an alkali and a fat to produce glycerol and a soap
saponification
the dense, positively charged central core of an atom
nucleus
A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve at a given temperature; OR organic compounds containing only single covalent bonds
saturated
H3O+, formed by the combination of water with a hydrogen ion
hydronium ion
the stable valence electron configuration
octet (8 electrons)
an alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two other carbon atoms
secondary alcohol
a region in an atom in which an electron of a particular amount of energy is most likely to be located
orbital
the polyatomic anion produced by the ionization of a water molecule
hydroxide ion
a region in an atom in which an electron of a particular amount of energy is most likely to be located
orbital
an organic compound containing one or more carboxyl groups (-COOH)
organic acid
a substance that undergoes a color change that can be used to determine when a reaction is complete
indicator
an organic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom of a halogen; also known as halocarbon
organic halide
number assigned to keep track of electron gain or loss in redox reactions
oxidation number (state)
