Flashcards Module 2
"Smooth muscle is located in the following except: A. Urinary bladder B. Heart C. Intestine D. Uterus"
B
"Which of the following are involuntary muscles? A. Cardiac and Skeletal B. Smooth and Skeletal C. Skeletal and Cardiac D. Cardiac and Smooth"
D
“Smooth Muscles are:
A. Elongated, Multiple nucleus, without striations
B. Spindle-shaped, Multiple nucleus, with striations
C. Branched, Single nucleus, with striations
D. Spindle-shaped, Single nucleus, without striations”
D
“Cardiac Muscles are:
A. Branched, Single nucleus, with striations
B. Elongated, Single nucleus, with striations
C. Branched, Single nucleus, without striations
D. Elongated, Single nucleus, without striations”
A
“Skeletal Muscles are:
A. Elongated, Multiple nucleus, without striations
B. Branched, Multiple nucleus, without striations
C. Elongated, Multiple nucleus, with striations
D. Elongated, Single Nucleus, with striations”
C
“Skeletal muscle is similar to the nerve in that the fiber responds to a stimulus. this response is called:
a. muscle twitch
b. summation
c. relaxation
d. tetanus “
A
“the __________ the motor unit , the finer the control of movement in the muscle
a. smaller
b. greater
c. larger”
A
“Motor nerves releases the neurotransmitter to generate movements:
a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. GABA
d. Serotonin”
A
” it is a brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation
a. muscle twitch
b. summation
c. spatial summation
d. temporal summation”
A
“Muscle twitch is due to
a. single action potential
b. double action potential
c. triple action potential
d. no action potential”
A
"What is the electrical response that propagates through a muscle in ~10ms? A. Muscle Twitch B. Action Potential C. Depolarization D. Graded Muscle Force"
B
"What is the total time for a twitch contraction to occur? A. ~10 ms B. ~50 ms C. ~100 ms D. ~150 ms"
D
"What is the mechanical response of a muscle that occurs relatively longer compared to the electrical response? A. Tension generation B. Depolarization C. Latent period D. Excitation-contraction coupling"
A
"This type of response has 3 basic stages correlated to the different time phases during the twitch. When graphed, it formes a hill or curved plot. A. Electrical B. Mechanical C. Treppe D. Temporal"
B
"Skeletal muscle can be classified as either fast-twitch or slow-twitch muscle. Fast-twitch muscle is also called as: A. Type IIA only B. Type IA only C. Type IIA and IIB D. Type IA and II B"
C
“Each motorneuron that leaves the spinal cord innervates multiple muscle fibers, with
the number of fibers innervated depending on the type of muscle. All muscle
fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber are called:
A. Alpha Motor Neuron
B. Motor unit
C. Gamma Alpha Motor Neuron
D. Sarcomere”
B
"A motor unit is a/an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and all of the skeletal muscle fibers that its axon supplies. A. Alpha Motor Neuron B. Beta Motor Neuron C. Delta Motor Neuron D. Gamma Motor Neuron"
A
"The synapse between axons and skeletal muscle is called: A. Contact junction B. Neuromuscular junction C. Varicosities D. Diffuse Junction"
B
" Most of Acetylcholine released in the synaptic space is destroyed by what enzyme? A. Acetylcholinesterase B. Myosin phosphatase C. Monoamine oxidase D. Catechol-O- methyltransferase"
A
"Vesicles containing acetylcholine empty into the synaptic space by the process of: A. Endocytosis B. Diffusion C. Exocytosis D. Facilitated transport"
C
“Catalyzes the formation of ACh from acetyl coenzyme A ( CoA) and choline in the presynaptic terminal.
A. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
B. Vanillylmandelic acid
C.Choline acetyltransferase
D. Normetanephrine”
C
"It is a bacterial poison that decreases the quantity of acetylcholine release by the nerve terminals. A. Curare B. Hemicholinium C. Neostigmine D. Botulinum toxin"
D
“In the absence of extracellular calcium, skeletal muscle ____________.
a. Will still be able to contract
b. Will not be able to contract
c. Will experience fatigue
d. Will lead to spasm”
A
“An L-type voltage gated calcium channel with five subunits.
a. Ryanodine
b. Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)
c. Histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC)
d. Calsequesterin “
B
“An increase in intracellular calcium that initiates a contraction.
a. Tetany
b. Triadin
c. Twitch
d. Excitation “
C
” Association of a T. Tubule with two T. Cisternae
a. Triad
b. Feet
c. Sarcolemma
d. End plate”
A
“Which does not define a Ryanodine Receptor (RYR)
a. Small protein ; heterotetramer
b. Only a small portion is embedded in SR membrane
c. Most RYR appears to be in myoplasm
d. Spans the gap between T. Cisternae and T. Tubules”
A
“The second event in skeletal muscle cross bridge cycling involves __________.
A. The binding of actin to myosin
B. The unbinding of actin to myosin
C. The binding of calcium to Troponin C
D. The conformational change in myosin due to ATP bonding”
A
"ATP is attached to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is hydrolyzed to ADP + inorganic phosphate before the cross-bridge cycle is activated. A. Sacromere B. Actin C. Myosin filament D. Myosin head"
D
“The cross bridge cycle stops when ___________.
A. there is absence of ATP
B. there is absence of ADP
C. calcium ions are transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. calcium ions are destroyed”
A
"The release of myosin from actin is the result of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Binding of ATP to myosin B. Release of inorganic phosphate C. Hydrolysis of ATP D. Release of ADP"
A
"Lactic acid that causes muscle fatigue is an end product of? A Aerobic pathway B anaerobic pathway C krebs cycle D both A and C"
B
"According to the sliding filament theory, \_\_\_\_ filament slides against the \_\_\_\_ filament towards the center of the \_\_\_\_. A. Thin, thick, myosin B. Thin, thick, sarcomere C. Thick thin, sarcomere D. thick thin myosin"
B
“Thick filaments within the myofibril are composed of
a. Sarconina.
b. Smooth muscles
c. Sarcomere
d. Myosin”
D
“The “all-or-none” concept of skeletal muscle contraction means that
a. The strength of the muscle contractions
b. The muscle fibers contract completely
c. All muscles contract completely and not partially
d. All of the actin and myosin molecules contract”
B
“The ability of a muscle to be stimulated is called:
a. Excitability
b. Contractility
c. Elasticity
d. Extensibility”
A
“What part of a muscle is the muscle fiber?
a. The muscle it self
b. The nuclei and the golgi apparatus
c. The actin and myosin component
d. Series of elastic component”
A
“Bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles) are wrapped by a tissue known as:
a. Superficial mysium
b. Endomysium
c. Epimysium
d. Perimysium”
D
"What is the functional unit of muscle? A. Endomysium B. Sarcomere C. Sarcolemma D. Transverse Tubules "
B
“Which of the following statements describe the unitary smooth muscle?
A. No gap junctions
B. No spontaneous contractions
C. One nerve, multiple muscle fibers that act together as one.
D. One nerve, multiple muscle fibers that act together on their own.”
C
"Which of the following is not included in cardiac muscle? A. Multi-unit smooth muscle B. Atrial Muscle Fibers C. Ventricular Muscle Fibers D. Conductive Muscle Fìbers"
A
"Skeletal muscle type IIB is A. Oxidative B. Fast Glycolytic C. Fast Oxidative D. Slow Glycolytic E. Glycolytic"
B
"It is an invaginations of the sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A. Endomysium B. Sarcomere C. Sarcolemma D. Transverse Tubules"
D
"It is the remaining contractile activity of the muscle at rest. A. Muscle fatigue B. Muscle hypertrophy C. Muscle tone D. Muscle atrophy"
C
"It is the remaining contractile activity of the muscle at rest. A. Muscle fatigue B. Muscle hypertrophy C. Muscle tone D. Muscle atrophy"
C
"It is the remaining contractile activity of the muscle at rest. A. Muscle fatigue B. Muscle hypertrophy C. Muscle tone D. Muscle atrophy"
C
"A skeletal muscle concept in which there is no muscle shortening/lengthening? A. Isometric Contraction B. Eccentric Contraction C. Isotonic Contraction D. Concentric Contraction"
A
"A skeletal muscle concept in which there is muscle lengthening? A. Isometric Contraction B. Eccentric Contraction C. Isotonic Contraction D. Concentric Contraction"
B
"Which of the following exerts an Eccentric contraction? A. lifting a bag of coffee B. carrying a pale of water C. laying down a sack of sand D. carrying a notebook"
C
“In Eccentric contraction, length is held constant.
A. True
B. False”
B
“Skeletal muscle obeys the all or none law where if the action potential did not reach the threshold of the muscle, there will be no depolarization that will occur and vice versa. However, the strength of contraction depends on the number of activated motor units. This process is called?
a. Recruitment
b. Summation
c. Twitch
d. Tetanus”
A
“It is seen in the graph that when there is a heavier load, the velocity of muscle shortening is slower and the duration of the contraction is shorter. In order for the velocity and duration of contraction to increase,
a. Lessen the motor units
b. Recruitment of additional motor units
c. Maintain the motor units
d. The velocity and duration of contraction cannot be increased”
B
“As the muscle is streched, the tension
a. Remains the same
b. Decreases
c. Increases”
C
“When will the maximum contractile force of the sarcomere occur?
a. When there is only some of the crosslinks between actin and myosin filaments
b. When there is the minimum number required of crosslinks between actin and myosin filaments.
c. When there is the maximum number of crosslinks between actin and myosin filaments.
d. The maximum contractile force of the sarcomere can happen anytime.”
C
“A skeletal muscle received consecutive tensions in a given time, as shown in the picture below. What is the effect of this frequent stimulus (as shown in the graph)?
a. wave summation
b. Muscle twitch
c. Complete tetanus
d. Incomplete tetanus”
D
"According to the sliding filament theory, \_\_\_\_ filament slides against the \_\_\_\_ filament towards the center of the \_\_\_\_. A. Thin, thick, myosin B. Thin, thick, sarcomere C. Thick thin, sarcomere D. thick thin myosin"
B
"When a muscle begins to contact after a long period of rest, its initial strength of contraction maybe as little as one half its strength 10 to 50 muscle twitches later. Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation. That is, the strength of contraction increases to a plateau ,a phenomenon called the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Tetanization B. Muscle Fatigue C. Summation (Temporal) D. Staircase Effect (Treppe)"
D
“Although the possible causes the Staircase Effect are not known, it is believed to be
primarily caused by:
A. Increasing calcium ions in the cytosol, increase in temperature, pH changes
B. Decreasing calcium ions in the cytosol,decrease in temperature, pH changes
C. Decreased release of calcium ions by the sarcolpasmic reticulum, increase in temperature,pH maintained
D. Increased release of calcium ions by the sarcolpasmic reticulum, decrease in temperature, pH maintained”
A
"Muscle fatigue is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proportional to lactic acid, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proportional to muscle glycogen. A. Inversely, Inversely B. Diversely, Diversely C. Inversely, Diversely D. Diversely, Inversely"
D
"It is a protective mechanism to stop a person from exercising before muscles become damaged. A. Muscle remodeling B. Crossbridge cycle C. Muscle fatigue D. Excitation-Contraction coupling"
C
" Which of the following does not contribute to muscle fatigue? A. Insufficient oxygen B. Elevation of muscle glycogen C. Inadequate release of calcium ions D. Build up of lactic acid"
B
“During intense exercise, _____________ accounts for muscle fatigue.
A. Increase in myoplasmic pH
B. Increase interaction of actin and myosin
C. Accumulation of lactic acid
D. Depletion of inorganic phosphate”
C
“All of the following is TRUE about muscle fatigue except:
A occurs earlier in fast twitch fibers
B occurs earlier in slow twitch fibers
C directly proportional to rate of depletion of muscles glycoprotein And creatine phosphate stores and accumulation of lactic acid
D decline in ATP levels in a muscle causes muscle fatigue”
B
"Type 1: slow oxidative myosin atpase is \_\_\_ while type 2b: fast glycolitic (white) myosin atpase is \_\_ A slow, fast B fast, fast C slow, slow D fast, slow"
A
“What is the most important cause of muscle fatigue?
A intracellular acidosis due mainly to lactic acid accumulation
B extracellular acidosis due main to lactic acid accumulation
C both a and b
D none of the above”
A
" What do you call a membrane that encloses a skeletal muscle fiber (may be thick or thin membrane)? A. Myofibrils B. Sarcolemma C. Muscle Fascicle D. Muscle Fiber"
B
"This is a muscle protein that is responsible for cellular signaling and is the largest protein in the body. A. Titin B. Desmin C. Dystrophin D. Actinin"
A
"These are nonstriated muscle cells that are a major component of hollow organs. A. Muscle Spindles B. Cardiac Muscle C. Skeletal Muscle D. Smooth Muscle"
D
"What connect the cardiac cells to each other which also include a combination of mechanical junction and electrical connection? A. Fascia Adherens B. Desmosomes C. Intercalated Disks D. Gap Junction"
C
"A smooth muscle that do not contain a gap junction because they act independently. It is also responsible for the fine motor control of the body. A. Phasic Smooth Muscle B. Visceral Smooth Muscle C. Unitary Smooth Muscle D. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle"
D
"Type of smooth muscle that does not contain gap junction because they act independently A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle"
B
" Bile ducts, ureters, uterus and intestines are the examples of this type of smooth muscle A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle"
A
"Type of smooth muscles that may exhibit spontaneous contractions A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle"
A
"Type of smooth muscle that is controlled mainly by nerve signals (Ach, NE) A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle"
B
"Smooth muscle that exhibits rythmic and intermittent contractions A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle"
C
“Calmodulin is an important regulatory protein for smooth muscle contraction because:
a. Calmodulin causes increased calcium influx to the muscle
b. Calmodulin is important for the termination of the muscle contraction
c. The calmodulin-calcium complex causes the activation of myosin light chain kinase
d. The calmodulin-calcium complex causes the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain during muscle contraction”
C
“Which of the following is/are true?
A. Smooth muscles has thick and thin filaments that are not arranged in sarcomeres; therefore, they appear striated
B. Vascular smooth muscle is the most common type and it is spontaneously active
C. Unitary smooth muscle exhibits “pacemaker” activity and has a low degree of electrical coupling between cells
D. Multi-unit smooth muscle are densely innervated and contraction is controlled by neural innervations”
D
"In smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds with \_\_\_\_ A. Troponin C B. Troponin I C. Calmodulin D. Troponin T"
C
“Ca2+ has an important role in the contraction of smooth muscle. Which of the following statement regarding the [Ca2+] is correct?
I. Influx of Ca2+ through the voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel increases the intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle
II. Activation of the ryanodine receptor decreases the intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle
III. Activation of SR Ca2+-ATPase decreases intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle
IV. Extrusion Ca2+ through 3 Na+-1Ca2++ antiport increases intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV”
B
The mechanisms that couple activation to contraction in smooth muscle involve how many Ca++ sources? A.4 Ca++ sources B.1 Ca++ source C 2.Ca++ sources D.3.Ca++ sources.
C
