Flashcards For Rules
Seguir exception rule
Seguir can also act ad estar in the present progressive
Refers to continuation of doing something “still doing”
Los chicos siguen durmiendo en sus cuartos
More por notes
Express somethkmg or someone you are lookint for
Express movement or approximate place
Means or manner by which an action is done/achieved
-paso por ti = i pass by you
Por no tener mucho tiempo, no ouero estar alli = for not having much timr, i cant be here
Gracias por ayudarme = thanks for helping mr
Uded in idiomstic expressions
Para tules
Express time in thr future or deadline
Expressed being ready for somethiny when used with being+infinitive
Express stated or implicit comparison
-él está estudiando para ser un biólogo (hes studying to be a biologist)
-Debo estar allí para el mes de enero (i must be there by the month of january)
Verbs associated with the personal a because they frequently have persons as their ovjeft
Mirar Escuchar Buscar Invitar Esperar -when u have “de” takes away need for personal a
Pronouns used as direct compliment rules
- PCD responds to who/what
- can replacr a subjectovr idea (likr a sentence)
- can only be usef after the name of the direct object has already be stated
- can be used with a proboun in a sentence to add emphasis or clarify (with propositional pronouns)
- pronouns of third person must agree with name they replace in gender/number
PCDS
Me Te (u familiar) Lo ( you: madcukine form, him: masc form/fam, it: masc, general abstract idea) La -same as lo but jot abstract idea Nos (us) Os (you plural familiar) Los (you:madculine plural form or fam, them: masculjnr) Las (same as los)
Positioning PCD
- pcd goes before verb
- if two verbs or present peogressive can go before verb or after final verb
- if present progressive must add accent to last verb to keep stress
- to makr negative, put no infront of PCD and if theres a proboun first, after pronoun
- if there is verb after preposition, put PCD at end of final verb not inbetwern preposition and verb
- if myltiple of direct object and diff genders, use male
PCD examples
-mi abuelo siempre dice “hay que estudiar mucho para triunfar” (mi abuelo siempre lo dice)
-¡tienes que estudiar más! (Si, lo sé) - yes i know (it)
-vamos a llamar a nuestros primos mañana para invitarlos a la fiesta
-
Adverb formation
- add mente to adjeftives
- adjectives ending in “o” twke off and add “a”
- end in e or consonant do not change gender
- adjectived with accent, accent remaind in adverb form
- if there are two or more adverbs, all convert to feminine but only ad mente to last one
Affirmative or nevative expression rules
- nadie and alguien refer to people so require a proposition “a” if act ad direct objects of verb
- alguno and ninguno infromt of masculine singulwr nouns take off o and add accent on u (a for feminine)
- alguno can be used in plural but not ninguno unless noun is already plura (calcetines, pantalones, zapatos)
- ninguno/alguno are aso pronouns and can replace noun (do u hqge watermelons, no i dont have any)
Affirmative or negative expression rules for negative sentences
- can do doubke negaticr with “no”, but no precedes verb wnd other negative expression goed after verb or at end of sentence
- if negative expression preceded verb, no is not used
- several negativr expressions can be used at once
- yo no quiero nada tampoco
- no compros nada nunca (i never buy anything)
- nunca jamás (never ever), but dont use jamás nunca
Hace …que + verb in present indicative
-expressed how long something has been happening
-hace+period of time +que+present tenses verb (hace cinco añod que trabajo en la cafetería)
-use no to makr sejtence negative, no goes before verb and changed translation a bit (hace dos meses que no cocino carne - havent cooked meat in two months)
-Cuánto tiempo hace que + verb in in present
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que los chicos duermen)
Infinitive verb use
- two verbs side by side
- after proposition
- impersona expression or comand
- es importante estuduiar el vocabulario
- ed necesario leer mucho en castellano para aprendar a comprender la lengua
Vocab extra
Perder (i>ie) to lose Regresar = to get back Jugar - to play Un bota - a boot La pagina - the page Los boletos - the tickets Los juguetes - the toys Por supuesto - of course Los regalos - the gifts Los calcetines - the socks Divertido(a) - fun Enfatizar - to emphasize Diversos países - different countries Al aire libre- outdoors
