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Biology 102 Lab Chapter 5 > Flashcards BioLab Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Flashcards BioLab Chapter 5

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1
Q

What was the earliest division within the eumetazoan clade? What synapomorphies distinguished these clades?

A

The Radiata and Bilateria Clades. Radiata are radially symmetric and Bilateria are bilaterally symmetric.

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2
Q

Which animals belond to the Radiata clade?

A

Hydra, anemone (both in Cnidaria clade) and Ctenophore clade.

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3
Q

What synapomorphy distinguishes Bilateria from Radiate

A

A mesoderm

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4
Q

What clades make up Bilaterians?

A

Protosome & Deuterostomes

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5
Q

What synapomorphies distinguish Protostomes from Deuterostomes

A

Protostomes: 1) Blastopore becomes mouth first, 2) spiral cleavage cell division pattern in embryo, 3) determinate cleavage in embryo. Deuterostome: Blastapore becomes anus first, 2) radial cleavage cell division pattern in embryo, 3) cell lineage is indeterminate during embryo development.

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6
Q

What animals belong to Protostome clan?

A

earthworm, crayfish, squid

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7
Q

What animals belong to Deuterstome clan (in lab)?

A

sea urchin, sea star (star fish)

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8
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the Chordata Phylum?

A

1) the notochord - flexible rod that serves as a flexible skeleton; 2) dorsal, hollow nerve cord (forms above the notochord); 3) a muscular tail that extends proteriorly past the anal opening. 4) Pharyngeal slits?

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9
Q

What are distinguishing features of Vertebrates?

A

Subphylum of Chordata. 1) Presence of hard backbone and cranium. Vertebrates have segmented veterbrae

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10
Q

What veterbrates will be dissected in lab?

A

Rat & fetal pig

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11
Q

What are examples of invetebrates that belong to Chordata clade?

A

lancelets and tunicates

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12
Q

What the distinguishing features of the phylum Porifera? Which belong to this group?

A

Perforated interior wall (sponges)

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13
Q

What are the 7 body components of a Sponge?

A

1) Spongocoel: Central Cavity, 2) Ostia - small incurrent pores water enters through located in wall of of sponge, 3) Oscula, larger holes water exits through in sponge wall, 4) Porocytes - cells that line ostia, hollow channels that allows water to pass through, 5) Choanocytes - “collar cells” - flagellated cells that create current and filter particles out of water stream, 6) Unorganized, differentiated cells - no tissues, 7) mesoderm comprised of non-cellular material (calcarerous, siliceous) such as spicules that serve as endoskeleton

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14
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the Phylum Cnidaria?

A

1) Body Plan - Radially symmertric, 2) Gastrovascular cavity, 3) Diploblast (2 true tissue layers) - epidermis and gastrodermis; 3) mouth opening surrounded by tentacles, 4) intermediate body layer called mesoglea, 5) most have 2 2 stages of life cycle, medusa and polyp, 6) simple nerve net - no brain, 7) stinging organelles - nematocysts found in cnidocytes.

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15
Q

What are the Cnidarians we examine in lab?

A

Hydra and Metridium

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16
Q

What are the body components of the Metridium?

A

1) Body is stocky column, 2) oral disc 3) ring of tenacles on oral disk, 4) pedal disk at aboral end that animal uses to anchor itself to rock, 5) siphonoglyphs - openings lined with cilia through which water is constantly flowing from oral sisk, 6) gastrovascular cavity 7) pharynx - thick tube inside mouth that leads to gastro. cavity, 8) Septa - walls that subdivide gastro. cav., 9) gonads found within septa walls

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17
Q

What are the disguishing characteristics of the Platyhelminthes Phylum?

A

1) Bilaterial Symmetry, 2) Acoelomate body plan, 3) sensory organs like eyespots, 4) incomplete gut cavity, 5) somewhat specialized nervous system capable of some learned responses, 6) no circulator system, no respitaroy system, no skeletal system

18
Q

What are the Platyhelminthe we study in lab?

A

Dugesia, Dipylidium caninum (tape worm)

19
Q

What fills the space between the ectoderm and mesoderm (gastro) instead of Coelem in Platyhelminthes?

A

parenchyma cells - solid mass of tissue

20
Q

What are the segments of a tapeworm called?

A

proglottids

21
Q

What are distinguishing features of Rotifera Phylum?

A

1) Corona - wheel organ - gathers food from surrounding water- mouth with beating cilia, 2) mastax - teeth 3) Psuedocoelomates, 4) not truly segmented (only cuticle is), 5) parthenogensis reproduction, sometimes sexual

22
Q

What are the 4 largest classes of the Mollusca Phylum?

A

1) Gastropods ( snails), 2) Bivalves (oysters, clams), Cephalopods (squids, octopi), Chitons (8 overlapping plates)

23
Q

What are synapomorphies of Mollusca phylum?

A

1) dorsal part of body is a mantle which secretes calcarerous spicules (plates or shells), 2) anus and genitals open into mantle cavity, 2 pairs of main nerve cords

24
Q

What is the external antomy of a squid?

A

1) Head region 2) Visceral Hump, 3) 2 Lateral Fins, 4) muscular Mantle, 5) Jaws, 6) Siphon, 7) chromatophores, 8) Valve - on siphon, 9) 2 types of tentacles that surround the mouth, 10) 2 eyes, 11) ink sac

25
Q

What does the siphon do in a squid?

A

the siphon is the structure through which water is forced at high pressure when squid is swimming

26
Q

What is the purpose of chromatophore organs?

A

These organanelles contain cells containing pigment which can change in size due to nerve stimulation and thus change the color of the squid

27
Q

Describe the 2 types of tentacles that squid have

A

1) 4 pairs of short tentacles of fixed length- these are the ones that draw prey to mouth 2) 1 pair of much longer retractile tentacles that have suckers at their tips - these are the ones that grasp prey

28
Q

What are the organs of the mantle cavity of the squid (male)?

A

Mantle consists of circular muscular tissue. 1) siphon & vavlve, 2) gills 3) testis (males), 4) vas deferns (male) - coiled tube sperm travel to sperm. Org., 5) spermatophoric organ (male) , 6) spermatophores (males),

29
Q

What are the organs of the mantle cavity of the squid (female)?

A

Mantle consists of circular muscular tissue. 1) siphon & vavlve, 2) gills, 3) ovary, 4) oviduct - takes eggs to nida., 5) nidamental gland, - secretes gelatenous stuff that covers eggs 6)

30
Q

What are the components of the squid nervous system?

A

1) brain, 2) eye - cornea, iris, pupil, viterous humor, retina, photoreceptor, optic nerves

31
Q

What are the components of the squid circulatory system?

A

1) closed circulatory system, 2) 2 branchial hearts - located near end of gills 3) 1 systemic heart - lies between branchial hearts, 4) 2 large aortae

32
Q

What are disguishing characteristics of Annelida (segmented worms)

A

1) Repeated segments called metameres

33
Q

What are the body compobnents of an earthworm?

A

1) Prostomium - protuberance at anterior tip of mouth, 2) Clitellum - enlarged segments that form a swollen band around 1/3rd body length - packsaddle, 3) setae - “bristles”

34
Q

How do earthworms move?

A

Via peristaltic waves of extension - anchoring & contraction. Peristalic waves produced by 2 sets of muscles: circular muscles (ring around each metamere) & longitudinal muscles (run direction of body axis)

35
Q

How many “heart” muscles do earth worms have?

A

5

36
Q

What are the components of the digestive system of the earthworm?

A

1) mouth 2) buccal cavity - within segments 1/2, 3) pharynx - within segments 3/4, 4) esophagus , 5) crop - enlarged region of difestive tract prosterior to esophagus 6) gizzard , 7) instestine 8) anus

37
Q

what are earthworm fecal droppings called?

A

castings

38
Q

What are the components of the earthworm nervous system?

A

1) nerve cord, 2) ganglion - swollen region of nerve cord, 3) brain within segments 2 & 3; 4) photoreceptor cell scattered across its epidermis, 5) negatively phototrophic - will move away from light

39
Q

What are the components of the earthworm reproductive system?

A

1) white seminal vesicles - sperm is produced and stored, 2) vas deferens - 2 external openings releases stored sperm, 3) seminal receptacles - where sperm is stored, 4) eggs are produced in ovaries, 5) eggs released through gonopores

40
Q

Phylum Arthopoda, Class Crustacea

A

1) segmented body plans

41
Q

What Chordata animal is used in lab?

A

lancelet - branchiostoma lanceolatum (Amphioxus)

Biology 102 Lab Chapter 5 (1 decks)

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