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AP U.S. Government > Flashcards (9/16-9/27) - Midterm Review > Flashcards

Flashcards (9/16-9/27) - Midterm Review

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1
Q

Questions

A

Answers

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2
Q

How does political ideology influence views on economic regulation?

A

Political ideology influences views on the proper role of government in regulating the economy.

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3
Q

How do liberals and conservatives generally differ on government intervention in the economy?

A

Liberals generally support more government intervention in the economy than conservatives.

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4
Q

What is the typical conservative stance on taxes and government spending?

A

Conservatives typically advocate for lower taxes and less government spending.

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5
Q

How do political parties differ in their approach to social issues?

A

Political parties often have differing views on the role of government in addressing social issues.

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6
Q

How can economic conditions affect public opinion on economic issues?

A

Public opinion on economic issues can shift based on current economic conditions.

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7
Q

How does voter turnout in presidential elections compare to midterm elections?

A

Voter turnout tends to be higher in presidential elections compared to midterm elections.

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8
Q

How does educational attainment relate to political engagement?

A

Educational attainment is positively correlated with voter turnout and political engagement.

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9
Q

How do income levels relate to political preferences?

A

Income levels often correlate with political party preferences and ideology.

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10
Q

How do race and ethnicity factor into voting behavior?

A

Race and ethnicity can be significant factors in voting behavior and party affiliation.

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11
Q

What gender gaps exist in voting patterns?

A

Gender gaps exist in voting patterns and party identification.

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12
Q

How does religious affiliation influence political behavior?

A

Religious affiliation can influence political attitudes and voting behavior.

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13
Q

How do urban, suburban, and rural voters differ politically?

A

Urban, suburban, and rural voters often have different political priorities and voting patterns.

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14
Q

What activities does political participation encompass beyond voting?

A

Political participation encompasses a range of activities beyond voting, such as protesting and contacting elected officials.

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15
Q

How do interest groups aim to influence public policy?

A

Interest groups aim to influence public policy through various means, including lobbying and campaign contributions.

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16
Q

How does the two-party system in the U.S. affect third parties?

A

The two-party system in the United States makes it difficult for third parties to gain significant national influence.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of primary elections?

A

Primary elections serve to narrow the field of candidates within political parties.

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18
Q

How can gerrymandering affect elections?

A

Gerrymandering can affect the competitiveness of elections and representation.

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19
Q

What do campaign finance laws regulate?

A

Campaign finance laws regulate the role of money in elections.

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20
Q

How has social media impacted political campaigns?

A

Social media has become an increasingly important tool in political campaigns and communication.

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21
Q

What is the debate surrounding voter identification laws?

A

Voter identification laws are a contentious issue in debates over election security and voter access.

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22
Q

How have voting options expanded in many states?

A

Early voting and mail-in voting have expanded voting options in many states.

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23
Q

What does civic engagement involve?

A

Civic engagement includes activities aimed at addressing public concerns and promoting the quality of community life.

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24
Q

What is political efficacy?

A

Political efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to influence political processes.

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25
Q

What is political tolerance?

A

Political tolerance involves accepting the rights of others to express views different from one’s own.

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26
Q

What unique situation can occur in the Electoral College system?

A

The Electoral College system can result in a president winning the election without winning the popular vote.

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27
Q

How does federalism affect policy in the United States?

A

Federalism in the United States allows for policy variation among states.

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28
Q

What is the purpose of checks and balances in the U.S. government?

A

Checks and balances in the U.S. government system aim to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

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29
Q

How can the Constitution be amended?

A

The Constitution can be amended through a process involving both federal and state governments.

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30
Q

How can Supreme Court decisions affect public policy?

A

Supreme Court decisions can have significant impacts on public policy and social issues.

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31
Q

How do broad economic issues typically rank in public opinion polls?

A

Broad economic issues often rank as highly important in public opinion polls.

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32
Q

How can public opinion on economic issues affect policy?

A

Public opinion on economic issues can influence policy priorities.

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33
Q

How can the importance of issues in public opinion change between elections?

A

The relative importance of issues in public opinion can shift between election cycles.

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34
Q

What limitation do short-term polls have?

A

Short-term polls may not capture long-term trends in public opinion.

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35
Q

How do media often use polls in election coverage?

A

Media often use polls for horse-race coverage of elections.

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36
Q

What factors can increase public influence on policymakers?

A

Strong public opinion and competitive elections can increase public influence on policymakers.

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37
Q

What can create conflicts for policymakers regarding constituent preferences?

A

Party loyalty and leadership can sometimes conflict with constituent preferences for policymakers.

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38
Q

How do patriotic attitudes tend to change with age?

A

Patriotic attitudes tend to increase with age.

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39
Q

How do older generations generally view patriotic symbols?

A

Older generations are generally more traditional in their views of patriotic symbols.

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40
Q

How might different generations view themselves in terms of idealism?

A

Different generations may view themselves differently in terms of idealism.

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41
Q

How can voting patterns vary between generations?

A

Voting patterns can vary significantly between generations.

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42
Q

How do age and gender interact with party affiliation?

A

Age and gender can intersect with party affiliation in complex ways.

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43
Q

How can changing demographics affect political campaigns?

A

Changing demographics can shift the focus of political campaigns over time.

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44
Q

What are life cycle effects in politics?

A

Life cycle effects influence individuals’ political priorities throughout their lives.

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45
Q

What is political socialization?

A

Political socialization is the process by which individuals develop their political beliefs and attitudes.

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46
Q

What is generally considered the most important agent of political socialization?

A

Family is generally considered the most important agent of political socialization.

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47
Q

What role do schools play in political socialization?

A

Schools play a significant role in civic education and political socialization.

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48
Q

How does media exposure affect political opinions?

A

Media exposure influences political opinions and can contribute to political socialization.

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49
Q

How do peer groups impact political attitudes?

A

Peer groups can significantly impact political attitudes, especially among young people.

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50
Q

How can major historical events affect political attitudes?

A

Major historical events can shape the political attitudes of generations.

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51
Q

How do Democrats and Republicans generally differ in their view of political compromise?

A

Democrats are generally more supportive of political compromise than Republicans.

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52
Q

How do political parties typically prioritize issues?

A

Political parties often prioritize different issues based on their ideological positions.

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53
Q

What do party issue priorities reflect?

A

Party issue priorities reflect core ideological distinctions between Democrats and Republicans.

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54
Q

How do liberal policies typically approach government intervention?

A

Liberal policies typically support more government intervention in economic and social issues.

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55
Q

How can state-level policies affect voter participation?

A

State-level policies can create structural barriers to voter participation.

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56
Q

What role do family discussions play in political attitudes?

A

Family discussions play a significant role in political socialization.

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57
Q

How do core values influence politics in the United States?

A

Core values shape political behavior and culture in the United States.

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58
Q

What are two traditional American political values?

A

Individual freedom and equality of opportunity are traditional American political values.

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59
Q

What is a core value in American political culture?

A

Individualism is a core value in American political culture.

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60
Q

How has public trust in government institutions changed over time in the U.S.?

A

Public trust in government institutions has declined over time in the U.S.

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61
Q

What is the purpose of exit polls?

A

Exit polls are used to predict election results before official counts are complete.

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62
Q

How do different types of polls serve in measuring public opinion?

A

Different types of polls serve various purposes in measuring public opinion.

63
Q

What is the aim of polling methodologies regarding sample selection?

A

Polling methodologies aim to ensure representative samples of the population.

64
Q

Why is margin of error important in polls?

A

Margin of error is crucial in interpreting the significance of poll results.

65
Q

How does including cell phone users in polls affect accuracy?

A

Including cell phone users in polls helps improve accuracy in modern polling.

66
Q

How do political candidates use polls?

A

Candidates use polls for various purposes, including assessing support and refining policy positions.

67
Q

How can question format in polls affect responses?

A

Question format in polls can influence respondents’ answers.

68
Q

What effect can the framing of poll questions have?

A

The framing of poll questions can significantly affect results.

69
Q

How do agree-disagree formats in polls compare to forced-choice questions?

A

Agree-disagree formats in polls tend to yield higher agreement rates than forced-choice questions.

70
Q

How can information in poll questions affect responses?

A

Information provided in poll questions can influence respondents’ answers, even if fictitious.

71
Q

What did Adam Smith argue about government intervention in the economy?

A

Adam Smith argued for free markets with minimal government intervention, reflecting classical liberal economic thought.

72
Q

How do conservative and libertarian ideologies typically view government economic intervention?

A

Conservative and libertarian ideologies generally oppose extensive government economic intervention in the economy.

73
Q

What tension do democratic societies often face regarding civil liberties?

A

Democratic societies often face tensions between maintaining order/security and protecting civil liberties.

74
Q

How has globalization affected American consumer culture?

A

Globalization has led to the spread of American consumer culture and businesses worldwide.

75
Q

How do free market principles affect culture globally?

A

Free market principles influence both American and global cultures.

76
Q

What dual effect can globalization have on cultures worldwide?

A

Globalization can simultaneously increase global unity and highlight cultural differences.

77
Q

What is the general Republican stance on business regulations?

A

Republican ideology generally favors fewer business regulations to promote economic growth.

78
Q

How does income level typically relate to views on government size?

A

Higher-income individuals tend to support smaller government and lower taxes.

79
Q

What is the conservative ideology’s typical stance on market regulation?

A

Conservative ideology typically advocates for limited government regulation of the marketplace.

80
Q

What is the libertarian view on government intervention?

A

Libertarianism supports minimal government intervention in both economic and social spheres.

81
Q

What does Keynesian economic theory advocate during recessions?

A

Keynesian economic theory supports increased government spending during recessions to stimulate economic activity.

82
Q

What is the primary responsibility of the Federal Reserve?

A

The Federal Reserve is responsible for U.S. monetary policy, including setting interest rates and managing the money supply.

83
Q

How do Federal Reserve decisions affect banking practices?

A

Federal Reserve decisions directly influence banking interest rates and lending practices.

84
Q

In the U.S. federal system, who is primarily responsible for K-12 education?

A

K-12 education funding and administration are primarily state responsibilities in the U.S. federal system.

85
Q

What is the central debate regarding government surveillance?

A

Debates over government surveillance often center on balancing national security with civil liberties.

86
Q

How do presidents typically approach federal judge appointments?

A

Presidents typically appoint federal judges who align with their party’s ideology.

87
Q

What trend has been observed in Congressional polarization over time?

A

Congressional polarization has increased over time, with fewer moderates in both parties.

88
Q

How do state-level policy decisions often correlate with political ideology?

A

State-level policy decisions, such as tax rates, often correlate with the state’s dominant political ideology.

89
Q

What regional differences exist in state-level policies like income tax rates?

A

Regional differences exist in state-level policies, with some regions favoring lower tax rates than others.

90
Q

What can result from divided government in terms of legislation?

A

Divided government can lead to legislative gridlock due to conflicting priorities between branches.

91
Q

Explain the concept of natural rights.

A

Natural rights are inherent rights that all individuals are born with and cannot be taken away

92
Q

List the key natural rights as identified by John Locke.

A

Life, Liberty, and Proptery

93
Q

Social contract theory is used to explain the relationship between __ and __

A

individuals; government.

94
Q

Describe the social contract and its purpose in society

A

The social contract is an implicit agreement among members of society to sacrifice some individual freedoms in exchange for state protection and maintenance of social order.

95
Q

How does the concept of popular sovereignty reflect the principle that government derives its power from the people?

A

Popular sovereignty asserts that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people,emphasizing that ultimate power resides with the people.

96
Q

Which democratic principle states that the government’s authority depends on the will of the people?
Limited government

Popular sovereignty

Federalism

Separation of powers

A

Popular Sovereignty

97
Q

Compare and contrast the ideas of limited government and absolute government power

A

Limited government is restricted by laws and a constitution, ensuring that governmental power is not absolute and protects individual rights. Absolute government power has no legal limitations, often leading to authoritarian rule.

98
Q

Explain how the Declaration of Independence embodies the philosophy of natural rights and popular sovereignty.

A

The Declaration asserts that all men are created equal with unalienable rights (natural rights) and that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed (popular sovereignty)

99
Q

How does the Constitution limit the power of the government?

A

The Constitution limits government power through separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and the Bill of Rights.

100
Q

Describe the system of checks and balances and explain its purpose in the U.S. government

A

Checks and balances ensure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful by giving each branch some oversight and control over the others. For example, the President can veto legislation, but Congress can override the veto.

101
Q

Which document lays the foundation for the idea that government authority comes from the people?
The Articles of Confederation

The Declaration of Independence

The Federalist Papers

The Bill of Rights

A

The Declaration of Independence

102
Q

Define participatory democracy

A

Participatory democracy emphasizes broad participation in politics by citizens. An example is local town hall meetings where community members directly engage with officials to influence policy decisions.

103
Q

How does pluralist democracy differ from participatory democracy?

A

Pluralist democracy focuses on group-based activism where multiple organized groups compete to influence policy, whereas participatory democracy emphasizes direct involvement of individual citizens in decision-making processes.

104
Q

Explain elite democracy

A

Elite democracy limits political participation to a small, privileged group.

105
Q

According to Brutus No. 1, what are the main concerns about a large republic and centralized government?

A

Brutus No. 1 argues that a large republic would lead to a powerful central government too removed from the people, risking tyranny and the loss of individual and states’ rights.

106
Q

Identify and explain two major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

A

Example response: The lack of executive power made it difficult to enforce laws, and the inability to tax citizens directly left the national government financially weak.

107
Q

How did Shays’ Rebellion expose the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

A

The rebellion showed that the national government couldn’t raise an army to quell internal disturbances, highlighting the need for a stronger central government capable of maintaining order.

108
Q

What event was convened in response to the failures of the Articles of Confederation, and what was its original purpose?

A

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was convened to revise the Articles, but it ultimately led to the drafting of a new Constitution.

109
Q

Explain the significance of the Connecticut (Great) Compromise

A

It resolved the dispute between large and small states by creating a bicameral legislature, with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

110
Q

What was the Three-Fifths Compromise, and what impact did it have on representation?

A

It determined that each enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for taxation and representation purposes, giving Southern states greater influence in the House.

111
Q

Federalists agreed to add a __ to the Constitution to protect individual liberties.

A

Bill of Rights

112
Q

What arguments did Federalists like Alexander Hamilton make in favor of the new Constitution?

A

They advocated for a stronger national government to provide stability, handle economic issues, and protect the nation, arguing that the Articles were insufficient.

113
Q

Which document is famous for stating that “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition”?
Federalist No. 10

Federalist No. 51

Brutus No. 1

The Declaration of Independence

A

Federalist 51

114
Q

Define federalism and explain how it divides power in the U.S. government.

A

Federalism is a system where power is divided between a national (federal) government and state governments, each with their own areas of authority.

115
Q

What are enumerated powers?

A

Enumerated powers are specific powers granted explicitly to Congress.

116
Q

Explain the significance of the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause).

A

It allows Congress to make laws required to carry out its enumerated powers, providing flexibility to legislate on issues not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

117
Q

Reserved powers, outlined in the __ Amendment, are those not delegated to the federal government and are reserved to the ___

A

Tenth; states and people

118
Q

How does the Supremacy Clause affect the relationship between federal and state laws?

A

It establishes that the Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws, meaning federal laws trump state laws in conflicts.

119
Q

What was the constitutional issue at the center of U.S. v. Lopez (1995)?

A

The issue was whether Congress had the authority under the Commerce Clause to pass the Gun-Free School Zones Act.

120
Q

What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

A

The Supreme Court ruled that carrying a gun in a school zone is not an economic activity affecting interstate commerce, thus limiting federal power.

121
Q

Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803) in establishing the role of the Supreme Court.

A

It established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, thereby affirming its role as the interpreter of the Constitution.

122
Q

How did McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) interpret the Necessary and Proper Clause?

A

The Court held that Congress had the implied power to create a national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause and that Maryland could not tax it, reinforcing federal supremacy and expansive federal powers.

123
Q

__ are federal funds given to states with strings attached, often influencing state policies

A

Grants-in-aid

124
Q

What is the significance of having a bicameral legislature in the U.S. Congress?

A

It balances representation between populous and smaller states, with the House based on population and the Senate providing equal representation for each state.

125
Q

Which branch of government is responsible for interpreting laws and determining their constitutionality?
Legislative

Executive

Judicial

State governments

A

Judicial branch

126
Q

When you see a Supreme Court case mentioned in a question, what should be your first step?

A

Identify and / or recall the background facts and the main constitutional question or conflict in the case

127
Q

*If a test question presents complex data, what strategy can you use to interpret it effectively?

A

Break down the data into smaller parts, analyze each variable separately, and look for overall trends or patterns.

128
Q

Why is it important to read all labels and titles when interpreting data charts in a test question?

A

Labels and titles provide essential context about what is being measured, ensuring accurate interpretation of the data.

129
Q

Describe how the process of elimination can improve your chances of selecting the correct answer in MCQs

A

By systematically ruling out obviously incorrect options, you increase the likelihood of choosing the correct answer from the remaining choices

130
Q

When presented with an unfamiliar political term in an MCQ, what should you do?

A

Recall related concepts or definitions you know to infer the meaning of the unfamiliar term.

131
Q

What is the first step you should take when analyzing a scenario-based MCQ?
Jump to the answer choices

Identify the key elements and facts of the scenario

Recall unrelated facts

Skip the question

A

Identify the key elements and facts of the scenario

132
Q

Compare how Federalist No. 51 and Brutus No. 1 address the potential for government tyranny.

A

Federalist No. 51 argues that separation of powers and checks and balances prevent tyranny, while Brutus No. 1 fears that a strong central government will become tyrannical despite these mechanisms.

133
Q

Discuss how the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment illustrate the ongoing tension between federal and state power.

A

The Elastic Clause allows for expanded federal power through implied powers, while the Tenth Amendment reserves unspecified powers to the states, leading to debates over the limits of federal authority.

134
Q

Explain how the case of U.S. v. Lopez reflects a shift in the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Commerce Clause.

A

The Court limited the scope of the Commerce Clause by ruling that not all activities affect interstate commerce, thus restricting federal regulatory power and affirming states’ rights.

135
Q

Define “enumerated powers”.

A

Enumerated powers are powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution, such as the power to coin money and regulate interstate commerce.

136
Q

What are concurrent powers, and how do they function in the federal system?

A

Concurrent powers are shared by both federal and state governments, such as taxing and establishing courts, allowing both levels to govern simultaneously in certain areas.

137
Q

Analyze how low voter turnout might indicate elements of elite democracy in modern politics

A

Low turnout suggests that the general populace is less engaged, potentially allowing a smaller, more privileged group to exert greater influence over political outcomes.

138
Q

Describe a strategy for handling questions where two answer choices seem correct.

A

Look for key differences between the choices, refer back to the question for specific wording, and eliminate the option that doesn’t fully address the question.

139
Q

Define the main function of the Executive Branch

A

To enforce and administer federal laws and regulations.

140
Q

What was the impact of Shays’ Rebellion on American political thought?

A

It highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger central government, influencing the drafting of the Constitution.

141
Q

What is ‘pluralism’?

A

A theory of democracy that emphasizes the role of diverse and competing interests groups in the political process

142
Q

How does the concept of checks and balances ensure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful?

A

It provides each branch with specific powers to check the other branches, such as the presidential veto, Senate approval of appointments, and judicial review.

143
Q

What was the legal significance of Marbury v. Madison?

A

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

144
Q

What was the outcome of Marbury v. Madison?

A

The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, held that the specific law enabling Marbury to bring his claim was unconstitutional, thus asserting the power of judicial review

145
Q

How did Marbury v. Madison impact the balance of power among the branches of government?

A

It enhanced the judicial branch’s role by empowering it to overrule both the executive and legislative branches when it found their actions to be unconstitutional.

146
Q

What precedent did United States v. Lopez set for future cases concerning the Commerce Clause?

A

It established a clearer criterion that activities regulated by Congress under the Commerce Clause must have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

147
Q

What was the primary question in McCulloch v. Maryland?

A

Whether Congress had the authority to establish a national bank and whether a state could tax that federal institution.

148
Q

What was the outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland?

A

The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause to create a national bank and that states could not tax federal institutions, affirming the supremacy of federal law.

149
Q

What was the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland in terms of the power dynamics between state and federal governments?

A

It reinforced the dominance of federal power over state power, particularly on issues of economic importance and federal operations.

150
Q

How does the Necessary and Proper Clause expand Congressional powers?

A

It allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers, even if those powers aren’t explicitly listed in the Constitution.

151
Q

Explain the difference between dual federalism and cooperative federalism.

A

Dual federalism sees state and federal governments operating independently within their own spheres of influence, while cooperative federalism involves shared powers and responsibilities between both levels of government.

152
Q

What is the significance of the Supremacy Clause?

A

The Supremacy Clause establishes that federal laws and the U.S. Constitution take precedence over state laws when there is a conflict.

153
Q

What does the Commerce Clause allow Congress to regulate?

A

The Commerce Clause gives Congress the power to regulate trade between states, with foreign nations, and with Native American tribes.

154
Q

What was the main purpose of the Bill of Rights?

A

To protect individual liberties and limit the power of the federal government by explicitly stating the rights of the people.

AP U.S. Government (1 decks)

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