Flashcards
Criteria for research questions
SCARNPL
- Should end with a ”?”
- Clear and understandable
- Able to connect to established theory
- Researchable
- Not to broad/narrow
- Potential for making a contribution to knowledge
- Linked to each other
Why do we need/Role of RQ
DRAWLS
- Data collection, what and from whom
- Research design
- Analysis of data
- Write up data
- Literature search
- Set the scope
Research designs
CCCEL
- Cross-sectional
- Comparative
- Case study
- Experimental
- Longitudinal
Criteria for qualitative research
Trustworthiness – CCTD - Confirmability - Credibility - Transferability - Dependability Authenticity – FOCET - Fairness - Ontological - Catalytical - Educative - Tactical
Criteria for quantitative research
RRV (MIEE) - Reliability - Replication - Validity o Measurement validity o Internal validity o External validity o Ecological validity
Advantages and disadvantages of open survey questions
Advantages - GEAR
- Generating fixed choice format answers
- Exploring new areas of study
- Allows all answers, unusual and unexpected answers
- Respondents knowledge and understanding is revealed
Disadvantages – TCGV
- Time-consuming
- Coding of answers is needed (time)
- Greater effort required from interviewees lower response rate
- Variability btw answers
Errors in surveys
DALLLT
- Double barreled Q
- Ambiguous terms
- Long Q
- Leading Q
- Lay-out issues
- Technical terms
Preoccupations of quantitative researchers
GMC-R
- Generalization
- Measurement
- Causality
- Replication
Preoccupations of qualitative researchers
FEDS
- Flexibility and limited structure
- Emphasis on process
- Description and emphasis on context
- Seeing through the eyes of the studied subjects
Ethical areas
Main - HIPD - Harm to participants - (lack of) Informed consent - (invasion of) Privacy - Deception Other – CRAP (some things are missing) - Copyright - Reciprocity - Affiliation and trust - Protection of Data
Need to do prior to interview
PR(I)ORA-BBQ, (I) = SPEND, one B not meaning anything - Purpose and intention - Research questions - Intro ready o Self interest o Purpose o Ethical issues o Next steps o Design - (what to) Observe besides to collect overall context - (how to) Record - (how to) Analyze data and what happens with it - Book time and space - Questions ready and question flow
What to consider with social contract when planning and conducting interview
SPENDDC - Self interest - Purpose - Ethical issues - Next steps - Design - Do not be the expert, don’t give advice Clarify goals and roles
Types of observational “notes”
MAFVS
- Mental notes
- Audio
- Full field notes
- Video
- Scratch notes
Steps of Quantitative research
Deductive
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Data collection
- Findings
- Hypothesis confirmed/rejected
- Revision of theory
Steps of Qualitative research
Inductive
- General research question
- Selecting relevant site and subjects
- Collection of relevant data
- Interpretation of data
- Conceptual and theoretical work
a. Narrow down the research questions
b. Collection more data - Writing up findings/conclusion
Critic to Qualitative
- Problem with Generalization
- Subjective
- Transparency problem
- Difficult to replicate
Action research
- Participation of research subjects
- Real problems
- Iterative process
- Contribute to both theory and practical action
Action research
- Insider perspective o Knows the problem o Part of the organization o Going native o Tendency to solve problem without theory - Outsider perspective o Fresh eyes o Equal concentration to problem solving and development of theory o Limited understanding of problem o Limited access to organization
What is data when conducting an interview
- Body language
- Feelings
- Atmosphere
- Gender, age, culture
- Oral data
- Time
Draw Action research
Top arrow has “Researcher organizes”
Bottom arrow has “Practionaires drives changes”
Draw abductive approach
5 boxes Framework Theory The case Empirical world in the middle "matching direction/redirection"
