Flashcards

Question 1

What does the body defend itself against?

Answer 1

Pathogens, Toxins and Cancer cells

Question 2

What do Mast cells release?

Answer 2

Histamine

Question 3

What does Histamine cause?

Answer 3

• Vasodilation

- Increased capillary permeability

Question 4

What are cytokines?

Answer 4

‘Cell signalling’ proteins

Question 5

What are cytokines secreted by?

Answer 5

Many white blood cells

Question 6

What name is given to the process of programmed cell death by Natural Killer cells?

Answer 6

Apoptosis

Question 7

What are lymphocytes derived from?

Answer 7

Stem cells in the Bone Marrow

Question 8

What is an antigen?

Answer 8

A foreign molecule recognised by a lymphocyte

Question 9

What is Antigen Signature?

Answer 9

Body cells have cell surface proteins unique to that person, their ‘Antigen Signature’

Question 10

What are Tcells able to do?

Answer 10

Distinguish between the body’s own cells and cells with ‘foreign’ surface antigens

Question 11

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 11

When the body no longer tolerates the antigens that make up the ‘self’ message on the cell surfaces and T lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells

Question 12

Examples of Autoimmune diseases

Answer 12

• Multiple sclerosis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Type 1 Diabetes

Question 13

What is an allergy?

Answer 13

An allergy is a hypersensitive B-lymphocyte response to an antigen which is normally harmless

Question 14

What are the 2 types of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 14

• Helper T cells

- Cytotoxic T cells

Question 15

What is the role of Helper T cells?

Answer 15

Secrete cytokines which activates: Phagocytes, Cytotoxic T cells and B lymphocytes

Question 16

What is the role of Cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 16

These destroy infected cells by inducing Apoptosis

Question 17

What is a tumour?

Answer 17

A mass of abnormal cells

Question 18

What is a secondary tumour?

Answer 18

When these abnormal cells fail to attach to each other and can therefore spread throughout the body

Question 19

What do B-lymphocytes produce?

Answer 19

Antibodies

Question 20

What is the primary response?

Answer 20

The production of antibodies when a person is first infected by a pathogen

Question 21

What is the Secondary response?

Answer 21

A quicker response to a pathogen due to immunological memory

Question 22

What is an infectious disease?

Answer 22

A disease which is capable of being transmitted through direct or indirect contact

Question 23

What are the 5 types of pathogen?

Answer 23

• Virus
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoans
• Multicellular parasites

Question 24

What are the 6 methods of disease transmission?

Answer 24

• Direct/Indirect Contact
• Water
• Food
• Vector Organisms
• Body Fluids
• Inhaled Air

Question 25

What is Quarantine?

Answer 25

The complete isolation of a person due to exposure to an extreme communicable disease (Stops spread)

Question 26

What is Antisepsis?

Answer 26

Inhibition or Destruction of microbes that cause disease

Question 27

What are the individual's responsibilities?

Answer 27

- Good Hygiene - Care in Sexual health - Appropriate handling and storage of food

Question 28

What are the community's responsibilities?

Answer 28

- Filtration and chlorination of drinking water - Safe food sources - Appropriate waste disposal - Control of 'vectors' of disease

Question 29

Define Sporadic

Answer 29

Occurs in scattered or isolated instances

Question 30

Define Endemic

Answer 30

Regular number of cases recurring in an area

Question 31

Define Epidemic

Answer 31

Very high number of cases in an area

Question 32

Define Pandemic

Answer 32

A global epidemic

Question 33

What is immunisation?

Answer 33

The process by which a person develops immunity to a disease causing organism

Question 34

What is Active immunity?

Answer 34

When protection is gained as a result of a person producing antibodies

Question 35

What are the 2 types of Active immunity?

Answer 35

- Naturally Acquired | - Artificially Acquired

Question 36

What are the 3 vaccination protocols?

Answer 36

- Placebo - Double Blind - Randomised

Question 37

Explain Placebo

Answer 37

Takes the same form as the treatment but lacks the active ingredient being tested

Question 38

Explain Double blind

Answer 38

Neither the subjects not the doctors know who is receiving what ad is used to eliminate bias

Question 39

Explain Randomisation

Answer 39

Details are entered into a computer. This then puts each person into 2 groups at random, further eliminating bias

Question 40

What is Herd Immunity?

Answer 40

The protection given indirectly to the non immune minority

Question 41

What is Antigenic Variation?

Answer 41

This is when a new strain of a pathogen have antigens on their surface that are different from the original strain

Question 42

What are phagocytes?

Answer 42

White blood cells that protect the body by engulfing harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or dying calls

Question 43

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 43

The engulfing of a pathogen or solid material into a vesicle with which lysosomes then fuse, releasing their digestive enzymes into it and causing Apoptosis

Question 44

Immunity

Answer 44

The ability to resist infection by a pathogen or to destroy it if it invades