Flashcards
List 3 Specific Events from page 722 that took place in the Ottoman Empire by the early 19th century.
- Couldn’t ward off European economic penetration.
- Couldn’t prevent territorial dismemberment.
- Pressure from ethnic religions and nationalist groups threatened to fragment the empire.
Describe actions of Janissaries in the nineteenth century
They kept causing palace coups and neglected military training and turned a blind eye to advances in weapon technology.
In which two places did the Ottoman Empire maintain its authority
Anatolia(modern-day Turkey) and Iraq
Which two Balkan former provinces gained independence
Greece (1830) and Serbia (1867)
How did Napoleon’s actions affect Egypt
His failed campaign sparked turmoil in Egypt, as local elites battled to seize power after Napoleon’s departure.
How did Muhammad Alli affect Egypt
Built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848.
Describe the significance of capitulations in the Ottoman Empire
Agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality - the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws.
What happened with Sultan Selim III’s military reforms
The new crack fighting force of Selim based on European armies threatened the elite Janissary corps, and they reacted violently by rising in revolt, killing new troops, and locking up the Sultan.
What happened with Mahmud II’s reform efforts
His proposal with a European style army brough him into conflict with the Janissaries, so he massacred them. His program remodeled ottoman institutions along western European lines and place priority on an effective army. He also created a secondary education for boys to facilitate transition to mosque schools.
What legal reforms took place during the Tanzimat era and list at least two.
A new commercial code (1850) and penal code (1858).
Describe both the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks and how their ideas could be analyzed.
The Young Ottomans wanted individual freedom, local autonomy, and political decentralization. The Young Turks called for universal suffrage, equality before the law, and freedom of religion. Their ideas could be analyzed as early ideas of Turkish nationalism.
What percentage of the Russian Empire spoke Russian in the 19th century
50 percent
What social group made up the vast majority of Russia population? And offer another word that identifies the condition that many of them lived in:
Peasants made up the vast majority of the population, and most of them were serfs living in serfdom bound to the lands they cultivated.
What were the dates of the Crimean War? Did Russia win?
It was 1853-1856 and Russia lost.
Who were two of Russia’s opponents in the Crimean war?
Britain and France. (Kingdom of Sardinia and Ottoman Empire were the other ones)
What were two main reasons people supported the abolition of serfdom?
- It was an obstacle to economic development and a viable state (economically inefficient)
- It was a source of rural instability in the form of
hundreds of peasant revolts and insurrections
After the Emancipation Manifesto and Stolypin reforms at the start of WWI, how does the book describe the position of many peasants?
A. Empowered or B. Indebted
B.
How were zemstvos a part of broader trends in Russian government?
They were elected district assemblies purpose was to deal with local issues of health, education, and welfare (founded in 1864)
What were the goals of Sergei White, and what was the centerpiece of his industrial policy
His goals were to remove the unfavorable conditions that slowed down economic development in Russia and kindle a healthy spirit of enterprise. His centerpiece of his industrial policy was his program of railway construction linking regions of the empire such as Moscow in the to Vladivostok and it stimulated development of other industries.
Describe the significance of Duma
It was Russia’s first parliamentary (legislative) institution
Year of Treaty of Nanjing, war it followed, and basic content
It happened in 1842, marked the end of the opium war against Britain and they kept selling opium to China even though they didn’t want it. Sold opium for Chinese tea. Also gave Hong Kong to Britain, that led to opening of port Shanghai and Guangzhou.
Leader, dates, and goals, and capital of Taiping Rebellion
Dates: 1850-1864
Leader: Hong Xiuquan
Capital: Nanjing
Goals: To destroy the Qing dynasty and the radical transformation of Chinese society.
Know this quote from the Self-Strengthening Movement
“Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use”
Know that these two people (spelling counts) attempted the Hundred Days Reforms.
Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao
