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3. Histology Of Major Tissues Of The Urinary System > Flashcards > Flashcards

Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of a capsule in the kidney?

A

Collagen fibers, smooth muscle fibers, blood capillaries

The capsule provides structural support and protection to the kidney.

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2
Q

What does the parenchyma of the kidney consist of?

A

Millions of nephrons, branches of renal arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves

Parenchyma is the functional tissue of the kidney.

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3
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

Nephrons are responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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4
Q

What are the two main parts of a nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal tubule

The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

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5
Q

Define the renal corpuscle.

A

Capillary ball covered by podocyte & surrounded by simple squamous epithelial capsule

The renal corpuscle is the initial filtering component of the nephron.

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6
Q

What is the primary function of a nephron?

A

Regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances, eliminate wastes, regulate blood volume and pressure, control electrolyte levels, and regulate blood pH

These functions are essential for maintaining homeostasis.

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7
Q

What hormones regulate nephron functions?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Aldosterone
  • Parathyroid hormone

These hormones play crucial roles in fluid and electrolyte balance.

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8
Q

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • Macula densa
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
  • Juxtaglomerular cells

This apparatus regulates nephron function and blood pressure.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium & prominent brush border

The brush border increases surface area for reabsorption.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the loop of Henle?

A

It has thick and thin ascending and descending portions, crucial for urine concentration

The loop of Henle plays a key role in creating a concentration gradient in the medulla.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a narrow, innermost tip of the pyramid in the kidney.

A

Papilla

The papilla allows urine to flow from the kidney to the calyx.

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12
Q

What are the layers of the ureter wall?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscular coat
  • Fibrosa

These layers facilitate the transport of urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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13
Q

True or False: The male urethra is shorter than the female urethra.

A

False

The male urethra is longer and divided into three sections.

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14
Q

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

A

Controls the contraction of the urinary bladder

The detrusor muscle is under autonomic nervous control, facilitating urine expulsion.

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15
Q

What is the capacity of a healthy urinary bladder?

A

About 500 mL

This capacity can vary based on individual physiology and hydration status.

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16
Q

What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

A

Urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Urothelium allows for expansion and contraction of the bladder.

17
Q

What are the layers of the urinary bladder wall from inside out?

A
  • Lining epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis propria
  • Serosa/Adventitia

These layers work together to provide structure and function to the bladder.

18
Q

What is the role of interstitial cells of Cajal in the bladder?

A

Function as pacemaker cells and nerve signal transducers

These cells help regulate the contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder.

19
Q

What happens to the urothelium when the bladder fills?

A

Reorganizes from five to seven layers thick to two or three layers thick

This ability to change thickness allows for bladder expansion without damage.

20
Q

What are the umbrella cells in the urothelium characterized by?

A

Dome-shaped cells that become flat in a distended bladder

Umbrella cells may also be multinucleated.

21
Q

What layers compose the urothelium?

A

Superficial umbrella cells, multi-cell-layered intermediate layer, single-cell basal layer

The number of layers in the intermediate layer depends on bladder distension.

22
Q

What is the main feature of the basal layer of the urothelium?

A

Contains mononucleated, cuboidal cells with mitotic capability

This layer shows great regenerative capacity despite a gradual turnover rate.

23
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A sub-urothelial layer containing various components

The specific contents are discussed in the “Structure” section.

24
Q

What ultrastructural feature do umbrella cells demonstrate?

A

Plaques or asymmetrical unit membrane associated with actin filaments

Actin filaments extend from the plaques to the cytoplasm of umbrella cells.

25
Q

What happens to the umbrella cells in a non-distended bladder?

A

Superficial cells appear to fold inwards, forming membrane-bound vesicles

These vesicles unfold during bladder distention.

26
Q

What is cystoscopy used for?

A

To examine the urinary bladder mucosa for pathology

Pathology may be collected via biopsy sampling.

27
Q

What are von Brunn’s nests?

A

Islands or nests of urothelium found within the lamina propria

They may undergo degeneration to form cysts (cystitis cystica).

28
Q

How are malignant bladder tumors graded?

A

Based on their depth of invasion into the bladder wall.

29
Q

What can injure the support scaffolding of the bladder in women?

A

Childbirth and other events

The scaffolding includes pelvic floor muscles, vagina, and ligaments.

30
Q

What are symptoms of overactive bladder?

A
  • Urinary frequency
  • Urinary urgency
  • Urge incontinence
  • Nocturia
31
Q

What characterizes urge incontinence?

A

Urinary urgency

Etiologies include neurogenic, myogenic, or idiopathic causes.

32
Q

What methods are used for tissue preparation for bladder examination?

A

Cystoscopy, radical cystectomy samples, image-guided percutaneous bladder biopsy

Formalin-fixed tissue embedded in paraffin wax or frozen sections are used for histopathology.

33
Q

What markers are present in the umbrella-shaped top layer of cells?

A

CK20+

The basal cells are CD44+.

34
Q

What characterizes carcinoma in situ in terms of cell markers?

A

All cells are CK20+, p53+, and show a greater Ki-67 proliferation index.

3. Histology Of Major Tissues Of The Urinary System (1 decks)

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