flashcards
Sunburn can lead to the development of bitter flavors in grapes. True or False
True
What are nematodes
Microscopic worms that attack the roots of the vine.
Once a vineyard has been infected with a virus, what are the options for eradicating the virus?
Dig up the vineyard and sanitize the land.
Why might a grape grower choose to trellis a vineyard?
To increase the amount of sunlight that gets into the canopy. To aid mechanization in the vineyard. To improve air circulation through the leaves and grapes.
What is another name of Guyot training is another name?
replacement cane
What equipment or techniques can help protect vineyards from spring frost?
Heaters and planting on slopes.
Is higher or lower density planting more suitable for a vineyard that is close to the coast and receives high levels of rainfall throughout the year, although the soil fertility is low.
Higher density planting.
Is higher or lower density planting more suitable for a vineyard that is inland in a hot region that receives very limited rainfall and has limited irrigation water available
Lower density planting.
Above what mean daily temperature does budburst usually start?
50 degree
What is the purpose of summer pruning?
To restrict the vegetative growth of the cine and direct sugar production to the grape.
What is the purpose of winter pruning?
To determine the number and location of the buds that will form shoots in the coming growing season.
What are some advantages of supporting biodiversity in the vineyard?
It provides habitats for predators of vine pests. It provides additional nutrients for vines. It captures CO2.
Which aromas and flavors result from deliberate oxidation?
Almond, caramel, toffee.
Which aromas and flavors result from fermentation or maturation in oak?
Cloves, coconut, and vanilla.
When the winemaking process is protected from the effects of oxygen, it is called ___ winemaking?
Anaerobic
Is the principal yeast involved in alcoholic fermentation tolerant of high level of sulfur dioxide?
Yes.
What challenges do winemakers face when using oak barrels?
They are expensive and they are difficult to clean.
What acid is used for acidification?
Tartaric acid
In red wine making, what is done right after fermentation?
Pressing
In what climates is sugar a problem?
Cool climates.
What yeast is used in commercial wine making?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What kind of bacteria carry out MLC?
Lactic acid bacteria
Why might a winemaker choose to keep lees in contact with wine?
To add additional flavors and to add texture.
Can blending occur at any time during the winemaking process?
Yes.
What machine can speed up sedimentation?
Centrifuge.
What kind of filter is most likely used right before bottling?
A surface filter.
What harmless crystals form over time in wine?
Tartrates
Technical corks are only suitable for high volume wines intended to be drunk now. True or False.
False
What type of filtration can handle making cloudy wines clear?
depth filtration
Do chemical reactions with oxygen on the grapes occur slower at cool temps?
Yes.
What is enrichment?
Increasing the sugar levels by adding RCGM.
Which vessels are airtight and inert?
Stainless steel tanks and cement tanks with epoxy resin.
What is sedimentation?
Allowing deposits of wine to settle at the bottom.
What is fining?
Using a special agent to bond to the wine to clump together
What is filtering?
To physically remove unwanted particles of wine.
When does pressing occur in red wine making?
after fermentation
When does pressing occur in white wine making?
before fermentation
Which method of production is used in producing: Recioto della valpolicella? Sparkling Asti, Eiswein? Tokaji Aszu?
Recioto > using dried grapes ; Sparkling Asti > Stopping fermentation with a high dose of so2, then chilling and filtering out the remaining yeast ; Eiswein > frozen grapes ; Tokaji Aszu > noble rot grapes
In sweet winemaking, how can alcoholic fermentation be stopped?
By chilling the fermenting wine, by adding unfermented grape juice, and by adding a high does of so2
What steps can a winemaker take to encourage malolactic conversation in white wines?
Raising the temp of wine after fermentation and refraining from adding so2 after fermentation.
What flavors do orange wines exhibit?
Dried herbs, dried fruits, and nuts
What effect does carbonic maceration have on wine?
Creates fresher fruit profile
What is the purpose of cold maceration in red wine making?
To extract flavor compounds and to extra color.
What is the order of white wine making?
Crush, press, ferment, rack off gross lees, MLC, blend, package
What are some of the benefits of retaining some of the solids in the juice after crushing and pressing in white winemaking?
To add complexity and texture
At what temperatures does white wine ferment? Red wine?
54-72 Fahrenheit
At what temperatures does red wine ferment?
68-90 Fahrenheit
What process does carbonic maceration encourage in grapes?
Intracellular fermentation
What is the order of red wine making?
Crush, ferment, drain, press, blend, package
In what country is Gruner Veltliner the most extensively planted grape variety?
Austria
Weinviertel DAC is the largest vine growing area and the first DAC in Austria. It’s in the ____ region.
Niederosterreich region
What style of German wine is likely to be the ripest in style with more sweetness and body than others?
Auslese
What is the most important black grape variety in Germany?
Pinot Noir
Which grape variety in most likely to have a golden color and aromas of lychees, roses, and sweet baking spices?
Gewurztraminer
Which soil type is most common in Mosel?
slate
What is the subregion of Pfalz?
Forst
What characteristics are associated with each grape varietal in Alsace?
Muscat Ottonel - not very aromatic but produces a reliable crop. Muscat blanc a petits grains- aromatic but prone to rot
What is a white wine that has concentrated lemon and perch aromas with hints of white pepper?
Gruner veltliner from Wachau
What’s the most widely planted grape in Franker, Germany?
silvaner
Two regions in Pfalz, popular for their Trocken riesling.
Alsace and Wachau
What are the two most prestigious villages in Pfalz?
Frost and Deidescheim
What effect do the Haardt mountains have on the vineyards in Pfalz?
They create a rain shadow, making the area dry with risk of water stress.
What aromas would be characteristic of a young riesling from the Pfalz region?
Apple, lemon, peach, apricot, and melon.
In the production of a young Trocken riesling from Pfalz, explain the different wine techniques.
Early harvest > retain acidity, bottle ageing > allow complexity to develop, MCL > avoided, Fermentation in oak > avoided.
What techniques can be used to promote medium sweet to sweet German rieslings?
Allowing grapes to freeze on vein, including BA grapes, addition of sussreserve (not for high quality rieslings though), stopping fermentation early.
Compared to a young Trocken riesling, how would a Grosses Pfalz riesling compare?
A GG riesling would have more complexity, the fruit would be more pronounced, the fruit would appear riper, but the sweetness of the wine wouldn’t change.
Compare a young Trocken riesling, a mature Wachau riesling, and a young SGN riesling from Alsace.
A sweet, medium lemon wine, with pronounced a+F intensity, high acidity and full body > a young SGN riesling ; A dry, deep gold wine with pronounced A+F, high acidity and full body > Mature riesling from Wachau ; A dry, pale, lemon wine with medium A+F, high acidity, and medium body >young riesling from Pfalz
Describe a young Geurztraminer.
likely to be medium lemon, have pronounced flavor intensity, off dry, low acidity, high alcohol, full body, and pronounced flavor intensity.
Will the sweetness of a riesling change if cellered?
No
Describe a young riesling from Pfalz.
dry, medium in alcohol, pale lemon in color
Describe a spatlese from Mosel.
medium-dry, low in alcohol, medium lemon in color
Which appellations come from which regions in the Loire? Savennieres
Anjou Saumur
Which appellations come from which regions in the Loire? Vouvray
Touraine
Which appellations come from which regions in the Loire? Muscadet sevre et maine
Nantais
Which appellations come from which regions in the Loire? Pouilly Fume?
Central Vineyards
Does Montagny only produce white wines?
yes
What fermentation vessel is most likely used in Touraine to ferment sauvignon blanc?
Temperature controlled stainless steel tank.
What styles of Chardonnay are produced in Maconnais?
Chablis. Ripe peach and pineapple with toasty oak; concentrated lemon and high acidity.
Which AOC in Bordeaux is only permitted to make white wine?
Entre deux-mers
What grape varieties are grown in Burgundy?
Aligote and Chardonnay
Which rivers divide Bordeaux?
Dordogne and garonne rivers
Why are mid slope vineyards most desirable in Burgundy?
They are less prone to frost.
Which appellation in the valley of River Layon is known for sweet wine production?
Coteaux du Layon.
What gives muscadet its rich texture?
Spending time on lees
Which appellation is most likely used for medium sweet roses made from cab franc and cab sauv?
Cabernet d’anjou
What’s the order of sub regions in the loire valley from east to west?
Central Vineyards, Touraine, Anjour-Saumur, and Nantais
What can cab franc contribute to cab sauv ?
Vibrant fruit and floral notes
What is the order of bordeaux appellations from north to south?
Saint estephe, pauillac, saint julien, and margaux.
What is Cahors known for producing which grape varieties?
malbec
What is jurancon known for producing?
petit menseng
What is Cote de gascogne known for producing?
Ugni blanc
What is Madiran know for producing?
Tannat
What’s the climate of the Nantais?
Maritime
In addition to cab franc, what are the other grape varieties grown in the Loire?
Gamay and pinot noir
Which grape varieties prefer to be planted in stony or gravel soils?
Cab franc and cab sauv.
How might limestone and clay soils in Touraine affect the style of red wine produced?
Fuller bodied, more tannic
How might sandy soils in Touraine affect the style of red wine produced?
light fruity styles
Which aromas are typically associated with Gamay?
Cherry and raspberry
Where in Cote d’or are the fullest body, longest lived pinot noirs found?
Cote de nuits
Which grape variety is dominant in Beaujolais?
Gamay
Does beaujolais utilize strong oak flavor often?
no
When can a beaujolais nouveau be released to consumers?
The 3rd Thursday in November after the vintage
Does chablis produce pinot noir?
No
What is the style of wine produced in the Broilly and Fleurie cru in Beaujolais?
Lighter, more perfumed style
What is the style of wine produced in the Moulin a vent and Morgon cru in Beaujolais?
Higher fruit concentration and more age potential.
Which communes belong to cote de nuits?
vosne romanee, vougeot, and gevrey chambertin
Which communes belong to cote de beaune?
volnay, pommard, meursault.
What appellations are in Burgundy?
sanin veran, rully, pouilly fuisse, and givry
What appellations are in Beaujolais?
Broilly, fleurie, moulin a vent, and morgon
Which appellations are found in the Northern Rhone ?
Cote rotie, hermitage, condrieu, and cornas
Which appellations are found in the Southern Rhone?
Tavel, Lirac, Vacqueryras, and gigondas
Which appellation produces intense roses from grenache and cinsault?
Tavel
What are common grape varieties in southern Rhone?
Cinsalt, syrah, and grenache,
What is the only permitted grape in Northern Rhone?
Syrah
What effects do fermenting black grapes with viognier in the northern rhone have?
Color stabilization and extra aromatic intensity.
Do gigondas and vacqueyras make grenache blends?
Yes
What is the wind that is known in the northern Rhone?
Mistral wind
What does a typical red wine taste like in northern rhone?
Black pepper, medium to high tannin, black fruit aromas.
Which moderating influences are present in Minervois?
Altitude and cooling ocean breezes.
Which grape varieties make up a majority of production in languedoc?
Carignan, grenache, syrah, and mourvedre.
Which grape varieties produce higher quality wines in Carinena and Calatayud?
Carinena and Garnacha.
What best describes the climate of Rias Baixas?
Cooler and wetter with greater vintage variation.
How long must a gran reserva be matured in barrel?
18 months
What is the minimum period a red crianza is matured in barrel?
6 months
Group the Spanish wine making regions. Toro, la mancha, jumilla, yecla, valencia, rueda, valdepenas
Toro + Rueda; Valdepenas + La Mancha, Jumilla + Yecla + Valencia
With the exception of northwest spain, what is the biggest challenge grape growers face in spain?
lack of water.
Which of the following is a feature of Ribera del Duero?
High altitudes
What is the term used for a spanish wine produced by a single estate of high reputation, using their own grapes that have been vinified and matured on their estate?
vino de pago
What are the subregions of Rioja?
Alavesa, Oriental, and Alta.
What style of wine is typically made from Verdejo?
Light bodied white wines with medium to high acidity.
Which popular regions in France and Spain produce grenache?
Spain: Navarra + Rioja. France: cotes du rhone, southern rhone, languedoc-roussillon, provence.
What grape varieties are often blended with grenache?
Tempranillo, carignan, mourvedre, syrah, and cinsault.
Explain the features of the grenache grape.
Grenache is a thin skinned grape, late ripening variety that needs a warm climate. Therefore, the grapes are high in sugar, low in acidity. Overall, wines made from grenache are usually full body.
Explain a young, Spanish wine made from garnacha tinta.
The wine is medium ruby, has medium aroma intensity and is youthful. It has aromas of red plum, redcurrant, strawberry, raspberry and cherry. It is dry with medium acidity, low tannin, high alcohol and full body. It has a medium flavour intensity and medium(+) finish. The wine is very good and can be drunk now but has potential for ageing.
Are wines made from the garnacha grape age-worthy?
yes.
Explain the flavors of a Spanish Garnacha that has been aged for 2 years in oak.
The wine is medium garnet, has medium aroma intensity and is developing. It has aromas of red plum, redcurrant, strawberry, vanilla, smoke and leather. It is dry with medium acidity, low tannin, high alcohol and full body. It has a medium flavour intensity and medium(+) finish. The wine is very good and can be drunk now but has potential for ageing.
Which French regions are popular for producing the most famous roses?
Lirac, Provence, and Tavel.
Describe a southern Rhone grenache such as chateauneuf du pape.
The wine would be medium ruby in color, have medium acidity, full body, and have a long finish.
Name a wine region in Portugal that produces red wines.
Bairrada.
Which grape varietal is associated with which varietal?
Aragones + Trincadeira > Alentejo; Touriga Franca + Tinta Barroca > Doura; Jaen + Alfracheiro > Dao; Loureira > Vinho Verde.
Which region in Greece trains their vines in a basket like shape?
santorini
What are the five principal grape varieties of Duoro?
Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Barroca, and Tinto Cao.
What is the minimum oak aging requirement for vinsanto wines?
2 yrs.
Which appellation is most likely to produce dry white wines with perfumed aromas of ripe citrus, stone fruit, and naturally high in acidity?
Santorini (Assyrtiko grape)
Pair the grape varietals with their regions in Greece.
Agirgitiko > Nemea; Xinomavro > Naossa; Assyrtiko > Santorini.
Name an IGP region of Southern Portugal.
Alentejano.
Which region in Portugal is likely to produce a red wine with delicate red fruit aromas, soft tannins, and high acidity?
dao.
What is the correct process for the ripasso method? Before it finishes fermentation, amarone is drained off the skins.
Unpressed amarone skins are added to volpolicella wine that finished fermentation. Yeast present on the grape skins ferment the remaining sugar in the skins. During fermentation, the amarone skins give more color, flavor, and tannins to the volpolicella wine.
What are the characteristics of dolcetto d’alba?
Medium to high tannins, deep purple color, and aromas of red cherries and dried herbs.
Which region produces a rich, full bodied, pinot grigio with ripe peach and tropical fruit flavors?
Friuli-venezia Giulia.
What is the main grape variety in alto adige and trentino?
Pinot grigio.
Which winemaking technique would you generally associate with the production of Amarone?
using dried grapes
Which traditional trellising method was commonly used in the north of Italy to encourage air circulation and minimize rot?
pergola
When can Barbaresco be released to consumers?
From the January of the 3rd year after harvest.
Match the appellations with the region in northern Italy.
Colli DOC>Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Alto adige DOC > Trentino- Alto Adige; Soave DOC> Veneto; Barbera d’asti >Piemonte.
Which moderating natural factors are present in the wine region of Gavi?
sea breezes and altitude
List the black grape varieties of italy and white grape varieties.
Black > barbera, corvina, nebbiolo, and dolcetto; white > garganega and cortese.
Is Nebbiolo an early ripening grape?
yes
Nebbiolo is a black, slow ripening grape. Please list the characteristics of Nebbiolo.
High acidity, high tannin, pale in color.
