Flashcards
External intercostal muscles function
Inhalation
-Contract to raise chest
Internal intercostal muscles function
Forced exhalation
-Contract to depress ribs
(up and outwards)
Innermost intercostal muscles function
Forced expiration
Where do intercostal veins come from?
Vena cava (left of spine)
Where do intercostal arteries come from?
Thoracic aorta (right of spine)
Where do intercostal nerves come from?
Spinal nerves
What is the structure of the left lung?
Oblique fissure
-2 parts
(slightly smaller)
What is the structure of the right lung?
Oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
-3 parts
(slightly larger)
What is the function of heart pericardium?
Surrounds the heart, holds it in place and reduces friction during cardiac contraction.
What is the function of the thoracic diaphragm?
The thoracic diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and controls breathing by contracting and relaxing by changes in volume.
Which side of the ribcage is heart on?
Left side
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
Innervates both lungs and thoracic diaphragm
What is the function of the Vagus nerve?
The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that plays a role in the control of various body functions including the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
How do these borders of the heart correspond to surface landmarks?
Superior
Inferior
Right
Left
Superior: 2nd rib, and is located at the level of the clavicles.
Inferior: 5th rib and is located at the level of the xiphoid process.
Right: Sternum and is located at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage.
Left: Sternum and is located at the level of the 5th intercostal space.
Where would you put a stethoscope to listen to the following valves? Why are the sounds heard best at these common ‘auscultatory zones’?
Aortic valve -
Pulmonary valve -
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve -
Left atrioventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valve -
Aortic valve - Second right intercostal space, right sternal border
Pulmonary valve - Second left intercostal space, left sternal border
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve - Fourth intercostal space, left sternal border (known as the tricuspid area)
Left atrioventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valve - Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line
What do the external obliques do?
Helps in the rotation and flexion of the trunk
(opposite side rotation)
What is the external oblique aponeurosis?
A sheet of connective tissue that connects the external oblique muscle to the linea alba
What do the internal abdominal obliques do?
Helps in the rotation and flexion of the trunk
(same side rotation)
What does the superior epigastric artery do?
An artery that arises from the internal thoracic artery and supplies blood to the upper part of the abdomen
What does the inferior epigastric artery do?
An artery that arises from the external iliac artery and supplies blood to the lower part of the abdomen
What does the greater omentum do?
Provides support and protection to the abdominal organs
What does the jejunum do?
The middle part of the small intestine that is responsible for most of the absorption of nutrients
What does the ileum do?
The last part of the small intestine that absorbs the remaining nutrients and electrolytes
What does the caecum do?
The first part of the large intestine that receives undigested food material and absorbs water and electrolytes
What does the mesentery of the small intestine do?
A double fold of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall, providing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to the small intestine.
What does the superior mesenteric artery do?
An artery that arises from the aorta and supplies blood to the small intestine, the cecum, the ascending colon, and the transverse colon
What do jejunal arcades do?
A series of small blood vessels that arise from the superior mesenteric artery and supply blood to the jejunum
What do ileal arcades do?
A series of small blood vessels that arise from the superior mesenteric artery and supply blood to the ileum
What do plicae circulare do?
Small circular folds of the mucous membrane that line the wall of the small intestine. They increase the surface area of the small intestine and help in the absorption of nutrients.
What does Meckel’s diverticulum do?
The most common congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract
What are Taenia coli?
Thin flat muscles which help to move feces through the colon during defecation.
What does the inferior mesentery artery do?
An artery that arises from the aorta and supplies blood to the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum.
What are haustrations?
Small pouch-like bulges in the wall of the large intestine which allows for better absorption of water and electrolytes (caused by Taenia coli)
What does the gall bladder do?
Stores bile
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
A vein that carries blood from the spleen, pancreas, and stomach to the liver for filtration and detoxification
What does the cystic duct do?
A duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
What does the right gastric artery do?
An artery that supplies blood to the cardia and the fundus of the stomach
What does the left gastric artery do?
An artery that supplies blood to the lower part of the stomach and the esophagus
What do right/left gastro-epiplotic arteries do?
Arteries that supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach
What do splenic nodules do?
They play an important role in the immune system, such as filtering the blood, producing antibodies and storing red blood cells.
What do supernal glands do?
Secrete hormones like adrenaline and cortisol
What does the quadratus lumborum muscle do?
A muscle located in the lower back that helps in the movement of the trunk, it’s also involved in breathing by helping to lift the ribcage during inspiration.
What does the posts major muscle do?
A muscle located in the lower back that helps in the movement of the trunk, it’s also involved in breathing by helping to lift the ribcage during inspiration.
What does the crura of the diaphragm do?
Are two muscular sheets that attach the diaphragm to the spine, they are responsible for contracting and relaxing during breathing.
What does the common iliac artery do?
An artery that splits into the external and internal iliac artery and supplies blood to the lower body including the legs, pelvis and the lower abdomen.
What do external/internal oblique aponeurosis do?
A sheet of connective tissue that connects the external oblique muscle to the linea alba
What does transverse abdominus muscle do?
A muscle located deep in the abdomen that helps in the compression of the abdominal contents.
What is the superficial inguinal ring?
An opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle through which the spermatic cord and the round ligament of uterus pass in males and females respectively.
What is a deep inguinal ring?
An opening in the transversalis fascia through which the spermatic cord and the round ligament of uterus pass in males and females respectively.
What does spermatic chord do?
A bundle of nerves, blood vessels, and the ductus deferens that runs through the inguinal canal and provides support and nourishment to the testicles in males.
What does external spermatic fascia do?
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the spermatic cord and gives it support and protection.
What does a cremaster fascia do?
A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the cremaster muscle and gives it support and protection.
What does vas deferens do?
A duct that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra, it runs through the spermatic cord.
What are seminiferous tubules?
Structures inside the testes where sperm cells are produced
What does the epididymis do?
A coiled tube located behind the testes, where sperm is stored and mature before being transported through the vas deferens
What is the trigone of the bladder?
An area of the bladder that is triangular in shape and is formed by three openings: the ureters and the urethra.
What does ureter do?
Are two tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
What does external urethral meatus do?
The opening of the urethra located at the end of the penis or the vulva
What does the prostate gland do?
A gland located below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, it produces a fluid that is a component of semen.
What does the seminal vesicle do?
A sac-like structure that produces a fluid that is a component of semen
What does corpus cavernous do?
Two cylindrical structures made of spongy tissue that fill with blood and causes the penis to become firm and erect.
What does corpus spongiosum do?
A spongy structure spongy structure, fills with blood during an erection, but its main function is to protect the urethra/maintain erection.
What is the vestibule?
The area of the vulva that surrounds the vaginal and urethral openings.
What does the external urethral orfice do?
The opening of the urethra, through which urine exits the body.
What does the vaginal orfice do?
The opening to the vagina, through which menstrual blood, semen and babies pass.
What does the ovary do?
A reproductive organ that produces eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
What do the fallopian tubes do?
Two tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus, they transport the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and provide a site for fertilization.
What does the uterus do?
Involved in development of fertilised egg and menstrual cycle, Composed of various layers of tissue including the endometrium (inner lining), myometrium (middle muscular layer) and perimetrium (outer serosal layer).
Which muscles attach the scapula and trunk? (3)
Trapezius
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
Which muscles attach the arm and trunk? (4)
Pectoralis major and minor
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Teres minor
Which muscles make up the rotator cuff? (4)
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
