flashcards

Question 1

Gender

Answer 1

A social Construct that leads to learned behavior

Question 2

Agents of socialization

Answer 2

Transmission of physical, mental, social skills, necessary for survival. Very crucial in infancy and childhood for the development of self-identity

Question 3

1st Agent of Socialization

Answer 3

Family – teach dominant cultural ideologies, expectations, subcultural norms. Longest Lasting effects on religion, social class, interest, skills and gender.

Even prior to the baby’s birth, families tie a lot of norms to the baby depending on the gender which continues as the child is raised: types of toys (dolls vs cars), clothes (blue vs pink), names (feminine/masculine/unisex)

Question 4

2nd Agent of Socialization

Answer 4

Schools – For children this typically is their 1st introduction to what could be people of different backgrounds (race, religion, social class, etc.). Microcosms of wider society – they start to understand social meanings attached to demographics.

Schools transmit dominant culture expectations, ideologies, norms to children.

Question 5

“Hidden curriculum” (in school)

Answer 5

Things taught unnoticed: patriotism, respect for authority, punctuality, following directions, gender behaviors/roles/expectations, etc.

Question 6

3rd Agent of Socialization

Answer 6

Peers – usually people with a lot of commonalities - “force” conformity to their subculture norms, beliefs and expectations.

While family has longest-lasting effect/influence on us, peers have the most immediate influence. Seeking the approval, opinion… of peer groups more so than family becomes more pronounced as one comes into adolescence

– also heavily influence gender norms (boys and girls police behaviors and expectations)

Question 7

4th Agent of Socialization

Answer 7

Media – Depiction of “ideal” images in relation to gender transmits messages of what is and isn’t expected.

Whether the media (social or otherwise) is purposely or not purposely perpetuating stereotypes – generalizations.

This is the most powerful agent of socialization because Media is inescapable, and this has become more true with electronic technology/media

Question 8

5th Agent of Socialization

Answer 8

Religion - Social Construct – 2nd oldest social institution -

“Moral Compass”: teaches values, optimism, purpose, sense of belonging, security…

All mainstream denominations of all religions are patriarchal – male dominated – from the physical structure of church —-> to the ideology itself – women are in subordinate positions to men in authority and power. The more conservative and fundamental any religion the more likely they are going to promote “traditional” gender norms.

Question 9

6th Agent of Socialization

Answer 9

Workplace – 2/3 of one’s lifetime

Question 10

Biological Determinism

Answer 10

Umbrella Term - encompasses all theories that contend/refute gender is “natural” - is biological because Prior to adolescence (puberty) boys & girls have same levels of testosterone but boys tend to be or encouraged to be more aggressive & show less emotion

Question 11

Gender Inequality variable 1

Answer 11

To what degree is “women’s work” (elementary edu./domestic daycare) central to the economy?

Question 12

Gender Inequality variable 2

Answer 12

To what degree do girls/women have access to formal education?

Question 13

Gender Inequality variable 3

Answer 13

To what degree are cultural norms conducive to men’s contribution to traditional women’s role - (primary care of children) ?

What are the expected gender roles?

Question 14

Gender Inequality variable 4

Answer 14

To what degree is the paid labor force segregated by sex - pink collar occupations: professions which are predominately saturated by women - in typically subordinate positions (which equals lower wage status)

Question 15

Gender Inequality variable 5

Answer 15

To what Degree do dominant ideological/religions support for gender equality?

Question 16

Gender Inequality variable 6

Answer 16

To what Degree are women in positions of formal authority and power?

Question 17

Arlie Hochschild

Answer 17

Sociologist that coined the term “second shift” - women who are in paid labor force fulltime and are primarily responsible for unpaid labor at home

Question 18

Deviance

Answer 18

any act that violates a norm (expected sets of behaviors, folkways, mores, laws), all crime is deviant, however, not all deviance is criminal

Question 19

Labeling Theory

Answer 19

Howard Becker - (applicable to macro and micro levels) and falls under symbolic interactionism:

Micro level application; when an authority preconceives an individual/category of people behaviors, eventually some may assume the role of the label and a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs. Others surrounding this individual within that person’s social circle will respond to and interact with that labelled individual according to what is expected, to the stigma.

(I DIDNT TAKE NOTES FOR MACRO LEVEL APPLICATION)

Question 20

Feminism

Answer 20

gained traction in the 1970s on a national level. Belief system built into a movement which argues primarily that the status, opportunities available and resources should be increased to equal of those of men’s positions of equal standing. Gender equality is a social issue not a women’s issue

Question 21

Liberal Feminism

Answer 21

gender equality can be achieved through legislative changes - responsible for passing Title IX, federal statutes against: sexual harassment, domestic violence

Question 22

Radical Feminism

Answer 22

Reason in which gender inequality exists is due to Patriarchal system within all social institutions.

Question 23

Human Capital Theory

Answer 23

Women will be paid less salary than male counterpart, not get promoted nor get consideration for promotions/title changes, maternity leave …. justified because the “reasoning” women are less reliable, less loyal to the corporation.

This is because: Women as a category have higher absenteeism compared to counterparts, have larger gaps of time/space in their work history. Women generally takes longer for graduate degrees.

Question 24

Deviance

Answer 24

any action that violates a norm

Question 25

Criminalist

Answer 25

analyze physical evidence – degrees in bio/chem, etc.

Question 26

Criminologist

Answer 26

Study why crime happens? Theory Paradigms research model.

Question 27

Criminal justice

Answer 27

Implement and/or enforce ex. Parole officers, correction’s officers

Question 28

3 features of deviance

Answer 28

a) focus is on patterns of deviance – not unusual/unique/individual acts of deviance
b) is not “natural” in the system - dev + crime both are social constructs –
c) definitions of deviance/crime across cultures/place and time

Question 29

William Chambliss

Answer 29

Studied juvenile delinquency – “the saints and the roughnecks” – sample set: 13 - 15 Caucasian boys – detained @ police station – all committed “petty crime” - vandalism etc. – some boys were released into parental custody – some were processed

what was the variable which determined outcome? (Social class) - demonstrated the label of criminal maybe more dependable who one is but not what they did –

refutes the idea that justice is blind. Implications of malpractice are that certain lives are worth more than others: (rich) white girls/boys more important than poor girl/boys of color.