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Stage 1 Physiology > Flashcard set 1 > Flashcards

Flashcard set 1

1
Q

What is the homeostasis control process?

A

stimulus -> sensor -> controller -> effector -> response

and negative feedback regulation = effector leads to reduction in stimulus

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2
Q

What is the organisation of the ANS?

A
  • sensory afferent nerve fibres
  • control centres: hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord
  • efferent pathways: sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system
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3
Q

What are the common features of the efferent pathway?

A
  • 2 neurons in series
  • preganglionic neuron originate in CNS
  • postganglionic neuron originate in autonomic ganglia
  • 1 preganglionic neuron can synapse with many postganglionic neurons (8-9)
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4
Q

What is the flight or fight pathway?

A

sight, sound, smell -> amygdala centre -> osteoblasts -> osteocalcin -> inhibits parasympathetic neuron

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5
Q

Organisation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • preganglionic origin = thoracic 1, Lumbar 2/3
  • postganglionic origin = autonomic ganglia
  • preganglionic neuron is short
  • postganglionic neuron is long
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6
Q

Organisation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • preganglionic origin = cranial nerve III (eye), VII (facial), IX (parotid), X (vagus)
  • postganglionic origin = autonomic ganglia
  • preganglionic neuron is long
  • postganglionic neuron is short
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7
Q

Neurotransmitters of ANS and their synapses

A

Neurotransmitters:

  • Acetylcholine (Ach)
  • Noradrenaline (NAdr)
  • Adrenaline (Adr)
  • Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC)

Synapses:

  • Cholinergic = nicotinic or muscarinic
  • Adrenergic = alpha or beta
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8
Q

What is the organisation of the muscarinic receptor?

A
  • target organ in PNS (parasympathetic nervous system)
  • exception is sweat glands in SNS (sympathetic nervous system)
  • blocked by ATROPINE
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9
Q

What is the organisation of the nicotinic receptor?

A
  • ganglia in SNS and PNS
  • located at neuromuscular junction
  • blocked by CURARE
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10
Q

What is the organisation of adrenoreceptor Alpha 1?

A
  • postsynaptic
  • releases NAdr > Adr
  • vasoconstrictor and smooth muscle contraction
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11
Q

What is the organisation of adrenoreceptor Alpha 2?

A
  • presynaptic
  • releases Nadr > Adr
  • reduction in adrenergic and cholinergic transmission
  • blocked by PHENTOLAMINE
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12
Q

What is the organisation of adrenoreceptor Beta 1?

A
  • receptor in the heart
  • releases Adr = NAdr
  • increase in heart rate and force of contraction
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13
Q

What is the organisation of adrenoreceptor Beta 2?

A
  • releases Adr > NAdr
  • vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation
  • blocked by PROPANOL
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14
Q

What are small and large red blood cells called and where are they found?

A
  • small RBCs = microcytic -> found in iron deficiency anaemia
  • large RBCs = macrocytic -> found in folate (vitamin B9) deficiency anaemia
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15
Q

What happens to ages RBCs after 120 days?

A
  • phagocytized in liver and spleen
  • haemoglobin decomposed into heme and globin
  • heme components are recycled e.g heme = bilirubin, iron = stored in liver
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16
Q

Structure of haemoglobin molecule

A
  • globin = made up of 4 protein chains (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)
  • 4 iron containing haem groups = consists of porphyrin ring with 1 Fe atom
17
Q

What are the types of haemoglobin/globin forms?

A 
HbA = 2 alpha, 2 beta
HbA2 = 2 alpha, 2 delta
HbF = 2 alpha, 2 gamma 
HbS = sickle cell anaemia
HbH = alpha thalassemia
18
Q

What are the 2 forms of Hb and what are their characteristics?

A
  • r form (relaxed) = high O2 affinity = firmly binds O2

- t form (taught) = low O2 affinity = releases O2

19
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

genetic disease = mutation in beta globin gene -> glutamic acid residue is replaced by valine = sticky patches

Hb polymerises at low PO2 forming long crystals of HbS

20
Q

What is alpha thalassaemia?

A
  • production of alpha globin is reduced = leads to excess of beta chain
  • unstable tetramer of 4 beta chains = HbH
  • reduced oxygen carrying
21
Q

What is beta thalassemia?

A
  • results in iron overload = organ damage
  • excess of alpha chains
  • bind to and damage RBC membranes
22
Q

How is thalassemia diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by electrophoresis

  • alpha thalassemia = reduced HbA, presence of HbH
  • beta thalassemia = decreased HbA, beta globin reduced or absent
23
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel

24
Q

Where are platelets stored and how are they released?

A

stored in the spleen and released by contraction of the spleen activated by SNS

25
Q

What are the 3 steps of haemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. formation of platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation
26
Q

What are the 2 pathways for blood clotting and what do they do?

A
  1. INTRINSIC = initial stimulus is exposed collagen

2. EXTRINSIC = blood contact with damaged tissue outside of blood vessel that exposes tissue factor III

27
Q

What are the anti-clotting systems?

A
  1. Antithrombin
  2. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
  3. Thrombin
  4. Thrombodulin
28
Q

How is thrombin an anticlotting system?

A

thrombin binds to its receptor which stimulates production of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and ADP = inhibit platelet aggregation

29
Q

What does antithrombin do?

A

Inhibits many clotting factors esp. thrombin

-> activity is enhanced by HEPARIN

30
Q

What does thrombodulin do?

A

Expressed by endothelial cells.
Binds thrombin eliminating its coagulant effects.

Activates protein C -> activates protein S -> inactivates factor Va and VIIIa

31
Q

What are the inherited coagulation disorders?

A

Von Willebrands disease = lack of von Willebrands factor -> poor platelet aggregation

Haemophilia A = deficiency in factor VIII (X-linked)

Haemophilia B = rare deficiency in factor IX (AKA christmas disease)

32
Q

2 examples of anticoagulant

A
  1. WARFARIN = inhibits vitamin K

2. HEPARIN = activates antithrombin III

33
Q

What makes up the ABO system?

A

5 sugars:

  • fucose
  • galactose
  • N-acetylgalactosamine
  • N-acetylglucosamine
  • Sialic acid

3 enzymes:

  • FUT-1
  • A transferase
  • B transferase

2 genes:

  • ABO
  • H
34
Q

What do the ABO and H genes encode?

A

encode glycosyltransferase = transfer monosaccharide to polysaccharide chains

35
Q

Organisation of CVS

A
  • 2 circulations in series served by 2 pumps
  • systemic = high pressure
  • pulmonary = low pressure
  • unidirectional flow controlled by valves

Atrioventricular valve:
right = tricuspid
left = bicuspid

Semilunar valve:
right = pulmonary
left = aortic

Stage 1 Physiology (5 decks)

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