Flash Cards Exam I
Male infertility causes
Blockage, sperm motility, capacitation, low sperm count/testosterone
Female infertility causes
Blocakge, age (lack of viable oocytes)
Normal male sperm count
> 100 million/ml
Male sperm count for infertility
< 10 million/ml
Cause of a monosomy or trisomy
Nondisjunction of Meiosis I or Nondisjunction of Meiosis II during gametogenesis
Trisomy 21 Name of Condition?
Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 21 Symptoms?
symptoms of condition: Craniofacial abnormalities, mental retardation, heart defects, epicanthal folds
Trisomy 18 Name of Condition?
Edward’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Symptoms?
symptoms of condition: Intellectual disability, heart defects, low ears, kidney probs, small lower jaw (micrognathia)
Trisomy 13 Name of Condition?
Patau Syndrome
Trisomy 13 Symptoms?
symptoms of condition: Holoprosencephaly, heart defects, cleft lip, deaf
X Monosomy Name of condition?
Turner’s Syndrome
Turner’s Syndrome Symptoms?
symptoms of condition: Female, web neck, infertile because gonadal dysgenesis aka gonadal “streak”
XXY Name of condition?
Klienfelter’s
Klienfelter’s Symptoms?
symptoms of condition: Male, infertile, gynecomastia, micropenis
When does spontaneous abortion occur most commonly?
First 3 weeks
What is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion?
Chromosomal abnormalities
What are the most optimal sites of implantation?
Posterior wall and fundus of uterus
What is the most common site of ectopic implantation?
Uterine tube
What is placenta previa?
Placenta partially or fully covers the internal os
What causes placenta previa?
Implantation lower in the uterus (close to cervix)
What is placenta accreta?
Synciotrophoblasts invade the myometrium
Why is placenta accreta life threaning for the mother?
Excessive bleeding because the uterus tears when the baby is born
What cells of placenta release hCG?
Synciotrophoblasts
What is mosacism?
Tissues of different genetic composition located throughout the body
What causes mosacism?
Nondisjunction AFTER fertilization during mitosis
What does LH do in males?
Stimulates Interstital cells of Leydig to produce testosterone
What does FSH do in males?
Stimulates stertoli cells to produce testicular fluid AND synthesis of androgen receptors
How is spermatogenesis endocrinologically stimulated in males?
LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone. FSH stimulates androgen receptors on Sertoli cells. Testosterone (produced by Leydig cells) binds to androgen receptors on Sertoli cells stimulating spermatogenesis.
What is the first sign of gastrulation?
Primitive streak formation
What are the 3 results of fertilization
- Restoration of diploid # of chromosomes 2. Genetic Sex determination 3. Initiation of cleavage
What is a Sacrococcygeal teratoma?
Tumor of all 3 germ layers off coccygeal area; Result of lack of degeneration of primitive streak
What is Sirenomelia?
Caudal dysgenesis; Caused by lack of mesoderm caudally
What is Situs Inversus?
Reverse or organs on the Rt and Lt sides; Caused by disruption of signalling in the Rt-Lt axis
Vasculogenesis occurs when and where first?
When: 3rd Week (Day 16); Where: Splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm of yolk sac
What is the notochord remnant?
Nucleus pulposus
What is the annular fibrosis embrological origin?
Sclerotome (paraxial mesoderm)
What is the allantois?
Rudimentary “bladder”; Essentially nonfunctional in humans
What is the adult remnant of allantois?
Urachus; Median Umbilical Ligament
Safe place to take LP (Lumbar Puncture) in adult?
Below L3
Location of Spinal cord in 6 month fetus?
S1
Location of Spinal cord in newborn?
L2/ L3
Location of Spinal cord in adult?
L1/L2
What is Rathke’s pouch?
Ectoderm in oropharyngeal membrane (called Stomodeum) that invaginated cranially to become anterior pituitary gland
What is another name for anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
What is another name for the posterior pituitary?
Neurohypophysis
What are the hormones produced by posterior pituitary?
ADH and Oxytocin
Where do the basal and floor plates end in brain development?
Diencephalon
What is the origin of the Posterior Pituitary?
Neurophypophyseal diverticulum drops down from the diencephalon and joins Rathke’s pouch to become pituitary gland
What is the infundibulum?
The connecting stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
What form the cerebellum?
The rhombic lips of metencephalon
What is the sulcus limitans?
The lateral sulcus in the central canal- separates alar (sensory) and basal (motor) plates
What do the Alar plates become in the spinal cord?
Dorsal horn (grey matter) of spinal cord
What do the Basal plates become in the spinal cord?
Ventral horn (grey matter) of spinal cord
What are the 3 zones of the spinal cord neuroepithelium from deep to superficial?
Ventricular zone, Mantle (Intermediate) and Marginal Zones
What does the corpus striatum give rise to?
C shaped portion of floor of cerebral hemispheres. Grows more slowly than the rest of the hemispheres creating the C-shaped hemispheres. It contains white matter called the internal capsule.
The interventricular foramen of Monroe is where?
Channels between each lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle of the brain
What are the 2 types of spina bifida cystica?
Meningocele (just meninges and CSF herniation) and Meningomyelocele (Spinal cord, meninges and CSF herniation)
What is spina bifida occulta?
The failure of the (usually lumbar) vertebral lamina to close and the spinal cord is not protected by bone. Usually no symptoms except a tuft of hair in lumbosacral region
What is Myeloschisis?
The most severe form of spina bifida. Spinal cord is on body surface because neural folds fail to fuse.
What is Holoprosencephaly?
Lack of forebrain development
What is meningoencephalocele?
Herniation of the brain and meninges
What is meningohydroencephalocele?
Herniation of brain, ventricles and meninges
What is exencephaly?
Brain is located outside the calvarium- failure of cranial neural tube closure
What is hydrocephaly?
Excess CSF- usually due to an obstruction. May occur with spina bifida and/or arnold chiari malformation
What is Arnold Chiari malformation?
Herniation of cerebellum through the foramen magnum. Often occurs concurrently with spina bifida and hydrocephaly.
What is eventration of diaphragm?
Diaphragm fully forms with the lack or failure of myotomes from somites of C3-C5. A very weak/thin diaphragm forms. May or may not have phrenic nerve.
What is congenital diphragmatic herniation?
Failure of pleuropteritoneal folds to close. Usually occurs on the left as the rt side closes first due to the liver. Growing gut tube migrates upward into the lt thoracic cavity and prevents lung formation and causes pulmonary hypoplasia.
What are the 3 waves of cells created by the ventricular neuroepithelium?
1st: Neuroblasts (stay in Mantle later). 2nd: Gliablasts (migrate to Marginal layer) and 3rd: Ependymal cells
What are the 4 types of CNS glial cells and their functions?
- Astrocytes: Blood brain barrier, 2. Oligodendrocytes: CNS myelin, 3. Microglia: Phagocytes and 4. Ependymal cells: From choroid plexus and produce CSF
What origins of the 4 types of CNS glial cells?
- Astrocytes: Gliablasts, 2. Oligodendrocytes: Gliablasts, 3. Microglia:Vascular mesenchyme (monocytes) and 4. Ependymal cells:3rd wave of neurepithelial differentiation
What is ectopia cordis?
Heart outside of body, failure of thoracic ventral body wall to close
What is the function and origin of schwann cells?
PNS meylin, Neural crest
What is gastroschisis?
Failure of closure on abdominal body wall, intestines herniate into amniotic cavity and are damaged by amniotic fluid
What is bladder and cloacal exstrophy?
Failure of body wall closure in pelvic region; bladder outside body in bladder exstrophy while bladder AND rectum outside the body in cloacal exstrophy
Craniosynostosis
Premature closure of one of one or more sutures
What is omphalocele?
Failure of gut tube to return after normal physiological herniation through the umbilical cord
Brachycephaly
Coronal and lamdoid suture craniosysnostosis
Scaphocephaly
Sagittal suture craniosynostosis
Phocomelia (definition)
Rudimentary hands and feet, but no long bones
Phocomelia (cause)
Premature interruption of the apical ectodermal ridge
Amelia (definition)
Complete absence of one or more extremites
Syndactyly (definition)
fused fingers or toes
Syndactyly (cause)
Problem with apoptotic cell death between digits
Polydactyly
Extra fingers or toes
(embryonic origin) Left Brachiocephalic vein
Anastomosis of right and left cranial cardinal veins
(embryonic origin) Right brachiocephalic vein
Right cranial cardinal vein
(embryonic orgin) SVC
Right common cardinal vein
(Embryonic orgin) Azygous
Right caudal cardinal vein
(embryonic orgin) Proximal IVC
Right Vitelline vein
(embryonic origin)Common Iliac veins
Caudal aspect of both right and left caudal cardinal veins
(embryonic orgin) Hepatic portal system
Right Vitelline vein
(embryonic orgin) ductus venosus
Left Umbilical vein
(embryonic orgin) right subclavian artery
right 4th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) sinus venarum
Sinus venosis (right sinus horn)
(embryonic orgin) carotids
3rd aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) stapedius artery
2nd aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) Maxillary artery
1st aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) ductus arteriousus
left 6th aortic arch
Anastomosis of right and left cranial cardinal veins
(embryonic orgin) Left Brachiocephalic vein
Right cranial cardinal vein
(embryonic orgin) Right brachiocephalic vein
(embryonic orgin) Aortic arch
left 4th aortic arch
Right common cardinal vein
(embryonic orgin) SVC
Right caudal cardinal vein
(Embryonic orgin) Azygous
Right Vitelline vein
(embryonic orgin) Proximal IVC
Caudal aspect of both right and left caudal cardinal veins
(embryonic orgin) Common Iliac veins
Right Vitelline vein
(embryonic orgin) Hepatic portal system
Left Umbilical vein
(embryonic orgin) ductus venosus
right 4th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) right subclavian artery
Sinus venosis (right sinus horn)
(embryonic orgin) sinus venarum
3rd aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) carotids
2nd aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) stapedius artery
1st aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) Maxillary artery
left 6th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) ductus arteriousus
left 4th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) Aortic arch
Tetralogy of fallot (name 4 symptoms)
VSD, Hypertrophy of right ventricle, stenosis of pulmonary trunk, and overriding aorta
Persistent truncus arterios (causes what?)
a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in both systems; accompanied by VSD in most cases
Great vessel trasposition
Right ventricle ->Aorta ////left ventricle ->pulmonary trunk
VSD, Hypertrophy of right ventricle, stenosis of pulmonary trunk, and overriding aorta
Tetralogy of fallot (name 4 symptoms)
a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in both systems; accompanied by VSD in most cases
Persistent truncus arterios (causes what?)
Right ventricle ->Aorta ////left ventricle ->pulmonary trunk
Great vessel transposition
Preductal Aortic coarctation (implications)
Increased use of ductus arteriosus, during fetal development, and loss of lower extremity circulation after birth
Postductal Aortic coarctation (implications)
loss of lower extremity circulation in fetal development, thus remodeling of upper extremity vessels; fine at birth because of remodeling
right 6th aortic arch
degenerates (therefore Rt. recurrent laryngeal hooks underneath Rt. Subclavian a.)
Lt. common cardinal vein
Coronary Sinus & Oblique vein of Left Atrium
Coronary Sinus & Oblique vein of Left Atrium (embryonic origin)
Lt. common cardinal vein
What is meroencephaly?
(Can be caused by exencephaly.) Brain tissue exposed to amniotic fluid degenerates with the brainstem left in tact. (Anencephaly is similar, although may have even less brain tissue present than meroencephaly)
Rt. Umbilical Vein
Degenerates
Lt. Vitelline Vein
Degenrates
