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Nuc med > flash cards by mikayla > Flashcards

flash cards by mikayla

1
Q

What other names is there for nuclear medicine?

A 
Nuclear Medicine
Radionuclide Imaging
Scintigraphy
Unclear Medicine
Molecular Imaging
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2
Q

What is nuclear medicine?

A

A modality which images the relative distribution of a radiopharmaceutical in the body or a particular organ

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3
Q

Steps in producing a Scintigram?

A

Select a suitable tracer (Radiopharmaceutical)
Administer to patient.
Acquire images with a GAMMA CAMERA
Process images with computer to give functional information.

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4
Q

What is Gamma Camera?

A

An instrument that produces quantitative images of the distribution of gamma emitting tracers within a patient.

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5
Q

A Scintigram can be in the form of:

A

Static images that reflect the uptake and therefore function of an organ.
Movie images that show the distribution of tracer as time passes.
Quantitative information e.g. graphs and uptake values.

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6
Q

Advantages of Nuc med:

A

Sensitive
Functional information
Low patient dose

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Nuc med:

A

Low specificity
Poor anatomical detail
Slow

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8
Q

With reference to the gamma camera:i.) What is the crystal made from?

A

Sodium Iodide

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9
Q

What is added to the crystal and why?

A

Thallium added to ensure that the scintillations are at the blue end of the visible spectrum.

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10
Q

iii) What is the relationship between the energy of a gamma ray and the size of the scintillation it produces.

A

The quantity of light being proportional to the energy of the incident photon. (unsure if correct)

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11
Q

Photons striking _____ interact by _____ or ______. Produce a ________: ____/UV light

A

Photons striking CRYSTAL interact by COMPTON or PE. Produce a scintillation: BLUE/UV light

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12
Q

What does a Light Guide do?

A

Provides optical coupling

between crystal and PM tubes

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13
Q

What are Photo Multiplier Tubes

A

Several PM tubes will detect each scintillation
Produce small electrical signal from each scintillation
Amplify it maintaining proportionality

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14
Q

What does a position computer do?

A

Produces x and y signals corresponding to the position of the event.

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15
Q

What does Pulse Height Analyser look at?

A

PHA “looks” at the z pulse corresponding

to each scintillation

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16
Q

ADC does what?

A

ADC processes the signal

into digital form

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17
Q

Information density means..

A

number of photons collected over region of interest

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18
Q

Spatial Resolution, what is it?

A

Ability to image two adjacent point sources

as separate points

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19
Q

What is it dependent on?

A

Dependent on:
Intrinsic resolution (Ri)
Collimator (Rc)
Scatter component (Rsc)

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20
Q

Scatter…..

A

Surrounding tissue produces Compton scatter
Some scattered photons will reach crystal.
Some will be within the 20% energy window.
Degrades the image
Worse at increasing depth

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21
Q

SPECT what is it? What is it?

What problem does it solve?

A

Problem-background activity in surrounding tissues and the increased amount of scatter limits the resolution and target to background ratio of the organ being imaged.

Solution-SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) Reconstruct using filtered back projection

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22
Q

Advantages of SPECT

A

Increased “pick up” of deep lesions
Localisation
Correlate with CT
Estimate volumes

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23
Q

Disadvantages of SPECT

A 
Requires special equipment
Careful setting up
Strict QC
Patient Co-operation
Acquisition times 15-30 minutes
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24
Q

Uses for SPECT

A 
Cardiac (myocardial Perfusion)
Brain
Bone-Hips-Spine
Kidney (DMSA)
Liver
Other
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25
Q

Gamma Camera Q.C. 3 parts;

A

Field Uniformity
Field Linearity
Centre of Rotation

26
Q

What is Field Uniformity?

A

Field uniformity
Uniform response over whole field of view
Intrinsic (without collimator) Extrinsic (with collimator)

27
Q

Whats linearity?

A

Linearity:Ability of a gamma camera to image a straight line in x and y planes

28
Q

QC of centre of rotation

A

To ensure that the mechanical centre of rotation and the co-ordinates stored in the computer are the same.

29
Q

Types of collimators? What are they called (2)?

A

High resolution &

High Sensitivity collimators.

30
Q

Give one reason when you would use;i. High Resolutionii. High Sensitivity

A
  • Hi Resolution……..Bone scans, SPECT- Hi Sensitivity…….Dynamic/ short frame times
31
Q

Explain the term:Atomic mass

A

The number of amount of nucleons

32
Q

Atomic number- what does it mean?

A

number of protons

33
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Nuclides with same Z (element) , different N

34
Q

WHAT IS BINDING ENERGY?

A

The amount of energy needed to eject an electron from its shell.

35
Q

Explain how ionisation works?

A

An orbital electron is given enough energy to be ejected from the atom.
It leaves a vacancy which is filled from the next shell out.
This gives rise to characteristic radiation.

36
Q

EXPLAIN EXCITATION.

A

When an orbital electron is given enough energy to be ejected from its shell but not enough to leave the atom.
It moves up to a outer orbit then drops back.
Gives the extra energy as characteristic radiation.
(usually low energy e.g. heat or light).

37
Q

Describe how atom with an excess of neutrons in it’s nucleus will decay to a stable state.

A

Decay by emitting particles and gamma rays till a stable proton : neutron ratio is reached.

38
Q

Explain what Fission Produced Radionuclides are..

A

It has an unstable nucleus and emits neutrons and other particles.

39
Q

Nuclides with too few Neutrons can decay how…

A

Can decay by :

Electron Capture
or
Positron Emission
Are produced using a cyclotron

40
Q

The Cyclotro, does what?

A

Uses an oscillating magnetic field to accelerate positively charged particles

41
Q

Electron Capture

A

An electron (k shell) passing close to the nucleus is “captured”

42
Q

Max no of electrons in shell:

A

Max no of electrons in shell (n) =2n2

43
Q

Max no of electrons in shell:

A

Max no of electrons in shell (n) =2n2

44
Q

Radioactive (physical) Half Life?

A

THE TIME TAKEN FOR THE ACTIVITY OF A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT TO FALL TO ONE HALF ITS ORIGINAL VALUE DUE TO THE PROCESS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY.

45
Q

Interaction of x - rays and gamma rays with matter- types

A

Scattering – elastic
Scattering – inelastic (Compton)
Absorption – Photoelectric effect
Absorption – Pair Production

46
Q

The Radiopharmaceutical consists of what two parts?

A

Radioactive element that will emit radiation which can be detected by a gamma camera and produce an image of the radio-pharmaceutical distribution in the body.

Pharmaceutical or chemical compound that will localise in a particular organ or be excreted via a particular pathway

47
Q

Most Radiopharmaceuticals used today for imaging are based on what?

A

99mTechnetium (99mTc)

48
Q

99mTechnetium;____ based.How does it decay?___ Gamma rays½ life?

A

Generator based
Decays by isomeric transition
140 kev gamma rays.
Physical half life of 6 hours

49
Q

99Mo/99mTc Generator- if not/so why?

A

The relatively short half life of 99mTc means that there is no practical way of delivering it to departments in this form.
A generator system has therefore been developed.

50
Q

Factors of Radioactive Concentration

A

Activity per unit volume
MBq per ml
If elution volume constant then r.c. decreases with time.

51
Q

99mTc Radiopharmaceuticals- when would you use the following:

99mTc DTPA

A

Brain, Renogram, lung ventilation.

52
Q

99mTc DMSA

A

Renal scan.

53
Q

99mTc HIDA

A

Biliary scan

54
Q

99mTc HMPAO

A

Brain perfusion

55
Q

99mTc MAA

A

Lung perfusion

56
Q

99mTc MDP

A

Bone scan.

57
Q

9999mTc colloid

A

Liver scan

58
Q

67 Ga Gallium Citrate.

A

-Tumour, infection, inflammation.

59
Q

201Tl Thallous chloride

A

Myocardial perfusion, parathyroid glands.

60
Q

131I Sodium Iodide

A

Thyroid

61
Q

111 In Indium oxine

A

Labelled white blood cells.

Nuc med (1 decks)

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