Flash Cards
CAUSES OF CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
Caused by a bone defect in the ear, fluid built up in ear, ear wax, and nerve damage (rare)
CAUSES OF SYMPTOMS OF ADDISON’S DISEASE
Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones (skin of these patients is bronze, metallic)
CHARACTERISTICS ABOUT LIGHT AND VISION
What part of the eye is used for peripheral vision a.Rods What is more sensitive to night vision a.Rods What are cones needed for a.Color sensitivity What part of the eye controls the amount of light that enters a.Iris
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Allow for stretch and recoil
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBROCARTILAGE
Thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through it matrix. Slightly compressible and very tough. Found in areas of the body where great deal of pressure is applied to joints (ex. knee, jaw, between vertebrae)
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
Contains large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans. Found where strong support ad some flexibility are needed (ex. rib cage, within trachea and bronchi)
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONS
Amitotic (do not divide), born with a set amount, long life span, require a lot of energy, conduct impulses
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol; functions as the outer boundary of cells, controls entry and exit of substances
CHEMICALS IN THE HUMAN BODY
Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
COMPARISION OF CARDIAC, SMOOTH AND SKELETAL MUSCLES
Cardiac Muscle: found only in the heart, controlled involuntarily Smooth Muscle: most widely distributed type of muscle in body; found in walls of hollow organs and tubes, interior of the eye, and walls of blood vessels Skeletal Muscle: made up of connective tissue; responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory function, and many other body movements
DEFINE AFFERENT NERVES
Carries to the CNS
DEFINE EFFERENT NERVES
Carries away from the CNS
DEFINE ENDOMYSIUM
Thick layer of connective tissue consisting mostly of reticular fibers
DEFINE GANGLIA
Collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
DEFINE HAVERSIAN CANALS
Canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue and running parallel to the long axis of the bone
DEFINE LACUNAE
Small space or cavity; potential space within the matrix of bone or cartilage normally occupied by a cell that can be visualized only when the cell shrinks away from the matrix during fixation; space containing maternal blood within the placenta
DEFINE MIXED NERVES
Carry somatic and autonomic (visceral) impulses. The four types of mixed nerves are: *Somatic afferent and somatic efferent *Visceral afferent and visceral efferent
DEFINE MONOSACCHARIDE
Simple sugar carbohydrate that cannot form any simpler sugar by hydrolysis
DEFINE MOTOR NERVES
Carries away from the CNS but only stimulates skeletal muscle
DEFINE MYOFIBRIL
Made up of myofilaments, contractile unit of the muscle
DEFINE MYOFILIAMENT
Thick and thin part of the muscle fiber
DEFINE NERVE TRACTS
Bundles of parallel axons with their associated sheaths in the ventral nervous system
DEFINE NERVES
Bundle of axons and their sheaths
DEFINE NUCLEI
Cell organelle containing most of the genetic material of the cell; collection of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons
DEFINE NUCLEIC ACID
Polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA an RNA, forms a family of substances that comprise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis
DEFINE PERIMYSIUM
Fibrous sheath enveloping a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers
DEFINE PEROXISOMES
Membrane-bounded body similar to a lysosome in appearance but often smaller and irregular in shape; contains enzymes that either decompose or synthesize hydrogen peroxide
DEFINE POLYSACCHARIDE
Carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide molecules
DEFINE PROTEINS
Macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
DEFINE SARCOLEMMA
The membrane of the muscle fiber
DEFINE SARCOMERE
Part of a myofibril between adjacent Z disks
DEFINE SARCOPLAMIC RETICULUM
Stores and pumps calcium ions
DEFINE SPIMYSIUM
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DEFINE TRABECULAE
One of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibrous septa, such as trabeculae lymph nodes, testes; a beam or plate of cancellous bone
DEFINE VOLCMANN’S CANALS
Canal in bone containing blood vessels; not surrounded by lamellae; runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bond and the haversian canals, interconnecting the latter with each other and the exterior circulation
DESCRIBE DESMOSOMES
Point of adhesion between cells. Each contains a dense plate at the point of adhesion and a cementing extra-cellular material between the cells
DESCRIBE GAP JUNCTIONS
Small channel between cells that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells; provides means of intercellular communication
DESCRIBE THE MAKE UP OF COMPACT BONE
Solis, with almost no space between many thin layers (lamelllae) of bone
DESCRIBE TIGHT JUNCTIONS
Hold cells together and form a permeability barrier. Formed by plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another in a jigsaw fashion to make a tight seal.
DISCUSS GOUTY ARTHRITIS
Group of metabolic disorders that lead to increased production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules; can lead to arthritis
DISCUSS HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Body cells do not function normally and can even die. Disease disrupts homeostasis and sometimes results in death.
DISCUSS MOTION SICKNESS
A misinterpretation of the visual and the motion (vision is not matching the vestibule)
DISCUSS OSMOSIS
Diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
DISCUSS PHAGOCYTOSIS
Cells’s ingestion of solid substances, such as other cells, bacteria, bits of necrosed tissue, and foreign particles
DISCUSS SPASTIC PARALYSIS
Muscles contract and cannot relax which is followed by muscle fatigue
DISCUSS SURVIVAL NEEDS
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ELEMENTS FOR PROPER NERVE IMPULSES
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EXAMPLES OF COLLOID SOLUTION
-Plasma portion of blood -Liquid interior of cells (a mixture in which a dispersed (solute-like) substance is distributed throughout a dispersing (solvent-like) substance)
EXAMPLES OF DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
A-P-P-P –> A-P-P + Pi (ATP) (ADP) (Inorganic phosphate) -A larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products
EXAMPLES OF EXHANGE REACTIONS
-Exchange reactions are those in which cations and anions that were partners in the reactants are interchanged in the products
EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- Inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac muscle. Contrattion of cardiac muscle generates blood pressure and moves blood vessels on the outside of the heart supplies cardiac muscle with sufficient blood to allow normal contractions to occur. In effect, the heart pumps blood itself.
- Def: When a value deviates from normal, the system responds to make lthe deviation even greater.
EXAMPLES OF REVERSIBLE REACTIONS
CO2 + H2O ⇔ H2CO3 ⇔ H+ + HCO3-
The reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants.
EXAMPLES OF SUSPENSION
Blood is a supsension - red blood ccells are suspended in a liquid called plasma
-Def: A mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together
EXAMPLES OF SYNTHESIS REACTION
- The combination of two amino acids to form a dipeptide. As the amino acids are bound together, water results.
- Def: When two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
FIND SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIA
SIngle layer of tall, narrow cells. Located in glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles of the brain.
FIND SIMPLE CUBODIAL EPITHELIA
Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Location in kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles fo the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries.
FIND SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA
Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells. Located in the lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic (endothelium) and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of serous membbranes (mesothelium) of the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal), and inner surface of the tympanic membranes.
FIND SIMPLE TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIA
Stratified cells that appear cub-shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretchd by fluid. Located in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra.
FOUR ELEMENTS IN HUMAN BODY
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen
FUNCTION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR
Helps maintain intraocular pressure in the eye
FUNCTION OF CERUMINOUS GLANDS
Produce cerumen (a modified sebum commonly called earwax)
FUNCTION OF COCHLEA
Functions in hearing
FUNCTION OF COMPACT BONE
Provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones tat keeps them from being easily broken or punctured
FUNCTION OF CORNEA
Permits light to enter the eye and bends, or refracts, that light as part of the eye’s focusing system
FUNCTION OF IRIS
Controls the amount of light that enters
FUNCTION OF LENS
Allows ability to see and focus by refracting light and change shape and vocal points
FUNCTION OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
Emotions, long term memory, behavior
FUNCTION OF MICROTUBULES
Help provide support and structure to the cytoplasm of the cell, involved in cell division and in the transport of intracellular materials, they also form essential components of certain cell organelles (centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, flagella)
FUNCTION OF OLIGODENDROCYTES
Insulation (form myelin sheath)
FUNCTION OF RETICULAR FIBERS
Fiber in connective tissue that forms a supporting mesh.
FUNCTION OF RETICULAR FORMATION
Sleep and consciousness
FUNCTION OF THALAMUS
Sensory relay center of the brain (also influences mood and action s associated with strong emotions)
FUNCTION OF THE RODS IN THE EYES
Night vision and peripheral vision
FUNCTION OF TRABECULAR BONE
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FUNCTION OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea
FUNCTION OF VESTIBULE
Respond to changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity
FUNCTION SPONGY BONE
Provides structural support but is lighter than cortical
FUNCTIONS OF ANS
- Regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines
- Controls things you don’t think about
FUNCTIONS OF APOCRINE GLANDS
Produce sweat
FUNCTIONS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads to the underlying subchondral bone
FUNCTIONS OF ASTROCYTES
Includes physical and metabolic support for neurons, detoxification, guidance during migration, regulation of energy metabolism, electrical insulation (for unmyelinated axons), transport of blood-borne material to the neuron, and reaction to injury
FUNCTIONS OF BURSAE
Facilitate movement and reduce friction between moving parts