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0
Q

I =

A

Q/t

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1
Q

Paper on patch clamp configurations.

A

Sakmann and Neher (1984)

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2
Q

V =

A

IR

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3
Q

G =

A

1/R

G adds up in parallel circuit

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4
Q

Q =

A

CV
AND
It

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5
Q

Capacitance =

A

εA / d
AND
Q/V

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6
Q

Time constant, τ =

A

RC
τ is in s
It is the time required to charge a capacitor through the resistor by ~63.2% (1- e^-1) of the difference between initial and final value.

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7
Q

Total current, Itotal

A

NiP

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8
Q

Properties of AP

A

1) Threshold
2) All or none law
3) Frequency Coding

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9
Q

Nernst Equation

A

(RT/Fz)ln([X]out/[X]in)

R = 8.314 J/Mol K
F = 96500 c/mol
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10
Q

Paper on intracellular recordings`

A

Hodgkin and Huxely, 1939

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11
Q

Paper on Shaker K+ channel inactivation

A

Hoshi et al., 1990`

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12
Q

Membrane length constant

A

λ = √rm/ra
AND
λ = √(dxRm)/(4.Ra)

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13
Q

Paper on discovery on Na and K voltage gated currents

A

Hodgkin and Huxley 1952

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14
Q

Conduction on specific ion

A

gna = Ina / (Vm - Ena)

for sodium

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15
Q

Paper on conductance of membrane to ions increase during AP

A

Cole and Curtis, 1938

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16
Q

Specific membrane resistance, Ra

A

L/(πr^2)

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17
Q

Membrane Capacitance, Cm

A

(ε x εo x 2πrL) / d

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18
Q

Paper on spatial buffering via glial cells

A

Newman, 1984

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19
Q

Calcium concentrations

A 
Ex = 1-2mM
In = 50-100nM -  when active = 500-1000nM

(Berridge et al., 2000)

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20
Q

Paper on GABA transporters

A

Guastella et al., 1990)

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21
Q

Number of quanta released, m

A

m = np
AND
m = ln(total trials/failures)

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22
Q

Probability of release, Px

binomial release

A

n! / (n-x)! x!

23
Q

Poisson Distribution, Px

A

Px = (m^x . e^-m) / x!

24
Probability of release of specific vesicle, p(x)
p(x) = [ N! / (N-x)! x! ] . P^x (1-P)^N-x
25
Mean amplitude, I (with binomial distribution)
I = NPQ
26
Variance of current, σi
σ^2 = QI - (I^2/N)
27
Paper on additive effect of GABAB and 5HT activation
Andrade et al., 1986
28
Lüscher et al., 1997
Paper on mice lacking GIRK2 K+ channels showing no response to GABAB agonists - betagamma complex opens K+ channels causing hyperpolarisation
29
Takahashi at al., 1998
GABA B presynapticallt reduces EPSC in medial nucleus of trapezium body (MNTB) - inhibits VGCC via betagamma complex
30
Paper on long term potentiation mechanism
Giese et al., 1998
31
Paper on caged calcium
Ellis-Davies, 2007
32
Paper on caged glutamate
Sheperd and Huganir, 2007
33
Charge of one electron
1.6x10^-19 coloumbs
34
One coloumb
6.25x10^18 electrons
35
K+ ion channel paper
Levitan and Kaczmarek, 1997
36
Na/K ATP-ase
2 alpha/2 beta subunits (only alpha involved in pumping)
37
Na/Ca exchanger
3 Na+ enter for each Ca2+ leaving
38
IP3 receptors
Optimal response at 300mM Ca conc - biphasic regulation | On ER membrane, 4 subunits, inhibited by heparin
39
Ca2+ off mechanism
Ca2+ buffers Re-uptake into ER via SERCA and mito via uniporter or NCX Extrusion by PMCA or NCX on plasma membrane
40
SERCA
Transports 2 Ca2+ per ATP, high density on ER membrane, active at high [Ca2+]cyt and inhibited at high [Ca2+]er
41
PMCA
1 Ca2+ out per ATP and 2 H+ in 10 transmembrane regions Autoinhibitory deomain with CaM binding site - activated by Ca-Cam Regulated by PKA/C phosphorylation
42
Synaptic fusion
Ca sensor synaptotagmin1 detects Ca and initiates Munc13-dependent priming of fusion machinery v-SNAREs, synaptobrevin bind to t-SNAREs, SNAP-25 and syntaxin. SNAREs form tight helices - one from v-SNAREs and 3 from t-SNAREs. Vesicles released within 100us of AP arrival
43
Limitations of ChR2
Desensitisation - reduced membrane depolarisation at later pulse, depolarisation block - does not allow repetitive stimuli No sufficient repolarisation between pulses Reduced expression level or conductance Slow channel inactivation (slow kinetics)
44
Paper on protein phosphatases and LTD
Bear et al., 1995
45
Paper on endocannabinoid retrograde signalling and LTD
Smart et al., 2008
46
Paper on gene deletion of alpha subunit of CamKII
Silva et al., 1992
47
Paper on NMDA antagonist AP5
Collingridge et al., 1983
48
Paper on D-serine released by astrocytes reducing LTD in hippocampus
Achour et al., 2010
49
Paper on NMDA knockout using Cre/LoxP recombination system
Tsien et al., 1996
50
Chen et al. 2003
Paper on PPF/D hippocampal cells single synapses. Quanta visualised using FM 1-43 dye. PPF no change in quantal size - increased prob of release PPD decrease in quantal size and decreased prob of release
51
LOmo and Bliss 1973
First described LTP in perforant pathway and dentate gyrus in anaesthetised rabbits. They showed that a burst of tetanic (100Hz) stimulus on perforant path fibres led to dramatic and long-lasting augmentation in post-synaptic response of cells.
52
Orkand et al., 1966
Intracellular recordings from glial cell in optic nerve of mudpuppy (necturus). Showed that nerve activity can depolarise glial cells.
53
Porter and McCarthy, 1998
Transgenic mice lacking astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 develop epilsepsy and increased susceptibility towards convulsants
54
Paper on glial cells exporting glutamate upon depolarisation by influx of K+ (from ischaemia), Na+, or glutamate or increased extracellular pH (H+)
Billups and Attwell, 1996 Electrogenic glutamate transport was studied in whole-cell clamped glial (Muller) cells isolated from salmander retina
55
Berridge et al., 1993
Ca binds to IP3 receptors to release Ca from ER (CICR)

Neurophysiology (1 decks)

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