flash cards

Question 0

Natural Selection

Answer 0

Genes for traits that help an organism survive and reproduce (adaptive genes) will be selected and will continue in a species

Genes for traits that prevent survival and reproduction (maladaptive) won’t be selected and will continue in a species

Question 1

Genetic Mutation

Answer 1

accidental errors in genetic instructions that lead to a change

Question 2

MRI

Answer 2

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Induces passing non-harmful radio frequencies through the brain
Gives a detailed image of the brain used to study the structure of the brain

Question 3

fMRI

Answer 3

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

measures the activity of specific neurons that are functioning during cognitive tasks, such as thinking, and listening

Question 4

PET scan

Answer 4

Positron emission tomography
involves injecting of a slightly radioactive solution into the blood and then measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by the brain cells called neurons
more active neurons absorb more solution less active neurons absorb less.

Question 5

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 5

voluntary movement, coordination, such as when a gymnast knows where their arms and legs are

Question 6

autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

runs all automatic functions of the body, such as heart rate blood pressure, breathing, digestion, hormones etc

Question 7

sympathetic division

Answer 7

uses excitatory neurons sets body up for fight or flight

Question 8

parasympathetic nervous system

part of autonomic system

Answer 8

uses inhibiting neurons, calms the body down maintains body in homeostatic state

Question 9

Forebrain

Answer 9

Most of what we see when we look at the brain
largest portion of the brain
has right and left sides called hemispheres
hemispheres are responsible for a number of functions including sensations, initiating voluntary movements, planning and making decisions

Question 10

midbrain

Answer 10

Found in the center or “core” of the brain
has areas for visual and auditory reflexes
such as automatically turning your head toward a noise
contains the reticular formation, which arouses the forebrain so that it’s ready to process information from the senses.

Question 11

Hindbrain

Answer 11

Lower rear of skull
the parts of the hindbrain are found in very primitive brains, such as the alligator, and have remained basically the same through millions of years of evolution

Question 12

Pons

Answer 12

Functions as a bridge to interconnect messages between spinal cord and brain
makes chemicals involved in sleep

Question 13

Medulla

Answer 13

Located on top of spinal cord

controls vital reflexes such as respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, hormone release.

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

Involved in coordinating motor movements but not in initiating voluntary movements

Question 15

Wrinkled Cortex

Answer 15

A thin layer of cells that essentially covers the entire surface of forebrain
a large majority of our neurons are located in the cortex

Question 16

Frontal Lobe

Answer 16

involved with personality, emotions, and emotional behaviors, motor behaviors, behaving normally in social situations, maintaining healthy personality, making decisions, executing plans
Larges lobe
considered as having executive functions

Question 17

Phineas Gage

Answer 17

had an accident in 1848

After the accident he had a huge personality change.

Question 18

Frontal lobotomy

Answer 18

started being used in 1936
a surgical procedure in which about one-third of the front part of the frontal lobe is cut away from the rest of the brain in severely agitated patients
18000 performed in the 1940s-50s
the surgeries were found to be ineffectual in treating social emotional problems as opposed to doing nothing
antipsychotic drugs were discovered and showed greater success in treating the problems

Question 19

motor cortex

Answer 19

located on the edge of the frontal lobe
involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements
right side controls left
left controls right

Question 20

Parietal lobe

Answer 20

main function is to process sensory information from your body parts
this lobe has a somatosensory cortex
located on the front edge of the parietal love directly beside the motor strip

Question 21

Occipital Lobe

Answer 21

the main function is the processing our visual information
seeing colors
perceiving and recognizing objects, animals and people
The ability to see involves two steps
1. you use your primary visual cortex located at the very back of the occipital lobe receives electrical signals from receptors in the eyes and transforms these signals into meaningless basic visual sensations, such as lights, lines, shadows, colors and textures
2. visual association area
also in the back of the occipital lobe located next to primary visual cortex
transforms the basic visual sensations into complete meaningful objects, animals or people

Question 22

temporal lobe

Answer 22

main function speech and hearing
1 located top edge of temporal lobe
precious electrical signals from receptors in the ears and transforms these signals into meaningless basic sound sensations such as vowels and consonants
2 auditory association area
located in the temporal lobe directly below the primary auditory cortex
transforms the basic auditory sensations into complete MEANINGFUL sounds such as words and music

Question 23

Limbic system

Answer 23

Old brain-core of the forebrain
involved with motivational behaviors such as obtaining food, drink, and sex
organizing emotional behaviors, such as fear, anger, and aggression; storing memories

Question 24

Hypothalamus

Answer 24

Regulates motivational behaviors eating drinking and sexual responses
emotional behaviors such as arousing the body when fighting or fleeing
secretion of hormones such as occurs at puberty

Question 25

Amygdala

Answer 25

evaluates the emotional significance of stimuli and facial expressions especially those involving fear, distress or threat
when damaged people had problems recognizing facial expressions and animals did not learn to fear dangerous situations

Question 26

Thalamus

Answer 26

receives sensory information

regulates sensory information

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

Involved in saving many kinds of fleeting memories by putting them into permanent storage in various parts of the brain

Question 28

Endocrine

Answer 28

Made of numerous glands located throughout the body
secrete various chemicals called hormones
the hypothalamus runs your hormone system

Question 29

Pituitary

Answer 29

hangs directly below the hypothalamus
mainly responsible for growth through secretion of growth hormone
dwarfism too little
gigantism too much

Question 30

Pancreas

Answer 30

Regulates the level of sugar in the bloodstream
lack of insulin in diabetes
too much causes hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Question 31

Thyroid

Answer 31

Located in neck
regulates metabolism through secretion of hormones
too little development causes stunted growth and mental retardation
as an adult
under secretion tired, lethargic, under motivated, weight gain
over secretion high metabolism, weight loss, nervousness, hyper, jittery

Question 32

adrenal glands

Answer 32

secretes hormones that regulate sugar and salt balance
secretes two hormones that arouse the body to deal with distress and emergencies.
low levels causes the body’s inability to deal with stress

Question 33

Samuel, George Morton

Answer 33

the results in 1839 vs results from 1980