Flash Cards
tripartite model
multicultural
1. awareness (values/bias)
2. knowledge (client’s worldview)
3. skills (cultural intervention)
emic
use counseling approaches specific to clients culture
etic
view clients from universal perspective
culture
how a group or individuals in a group organize how they think, act, and feel
cultural encapsulation
dominant cultural view only
disregard individual culture
multicultural counseling
integrating cultural identity in counseling process
cultural identity
identity in cultural group
high context communication
nonverbal cues create social harmony
low context communication
verbally expressing thoughts and feelings
paralanguage
verbal cues
volume
tempo
pitch
tone
kinesics
posture, body movements, positions
ex: facial expressions, eye contact, gazes, and touch
proxemics
personal physical distance
acculturation
making sense of a different culture’s value system in relation to your own
add new culture to my culture
ex: in laws, minority group adopting dominant culture
assimilation model
individual from minority culture adapting dominant cultures values and customs
given up culture to fit majority culture (similar)
separation model
individual from minority culture refuses to adapt to cultural values outside their own culture
integration model / biculturalism
individual identifies with own culture and host culture
marginalization model
individual rejects cultural values and customs from their own culture and host culture
worldview
individuals’ conceptualization of their relationship with the world
locus of responsibility
what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals
internal: success or failure is individuals own doing
external: external system is responsible for what happens to the individual
locus of control
degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment
internal: consequences are dependent on individual’s actions
external: consequences result by chance
race
groups of people identified by physical characteristics
three: white, black, asian
ethnicity
identification with a group
national, religious, linguistic, can be cultural attributes
ethnic identity
individuals from same ethnic group having different ties to the groupe
ethnocentrism
cultural group’s belief that it is superior to other cultures
androgyny
meshing of both masculine and feminine properties
gender schema theory
why a person places genders into certain categories
disability
mental or physical challenge limiting a person’s ability to function in daily living
ableism
discrimination of one who is disabled is limited in the extent of what they can do and undervalue their abilities
rehabilitation act of 1973
prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally sponsored or federal programs
americans with disabilities act (ADA) of 1990
prohibits discrimination of persons with disabilities in employment, public services, telecommunications, and accommodations
individuals with disabilities education improvement act (IDEA) of 2004
provision of nondiscriminatory education for children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment
primary oppression
obvious acts by both force and deprivation
secondary oppression
oppressive acts in which individuals do not get directly involved by may benefit
tertiary oppression
minority group members adopt majority opinion to fit in (internalizing low self worth and importance)
prejudice
making assumptions about an individual
feelings - not illegal
discrimination
illegal
racism
belief that a group of people are inferior to one’s own group due to differences
covert
not obvious
overt
obvious
racial identity
orientation to racial group
racial interaction theory
how Caucasians and people of color interact and if it is adaptive or maladaptive
gender identitiy
gender role expression associated with their perceived gender
gerontological counseling
counseling tailored for people 65 years of age or older
crisis intervention
assess functioning
build rapport - quickly
identify problems
provide counseling
examine alternatives
make plans
obtain commitment
(albert roberts - 7 stage model)
motivational interviewing FRAMES
feedback
responsibility
advice
menu
empathy
self efficacy
motivational interviewing OARES
open ended questions
affirm
reflective listening
elicit self motivational statements
summarize
social identity theory
understand discrimination between groups
social influence model
stanley strong
credibility
interpersonal attractiveness
sociomety
how people relate to one another
person centered therapy
carl rogers
client is expert
genuine
empathy
congruence - words match actions
respect
restatement
clarification
reflections
what the counselor hear in their words with feelings
paraphrasing
repeat what was said with empathetic response
summarizing
reiteration of the major points of discussion
confrontation
identify discrepancies
structuring
set goals
agree on plan for counseling
make effective use of time
respect boundaries
motivation for counseling
self disclosure
coping skills
manage stressful situations
solve problems
handle uncertainty
develop resilience
cultural awareness
salad bowl
every culture is difference
universality
treat everyone through same cultural lens
relationship building phases
- initiation - introduction
- clarification - defines problem
- structure - goals, treatment plan
- relationship - work toward mutually agreed goals
positive interaction stages
- exploration of feelings -
- consolidation - gain coping skills
- planning - use techniques
- termination
transference
freud thought bad - originally
use in session - now
extra feeling in the counseling session
client transfers to counselor
countertransference
counselor transfers to client
attending
full attention on client
eye contact
body language
resistance
want change but terrified
oppositional
avoid anxiety with change
watch for cultural issues*
errors
use reflection and clarification to correct any errors
substantive advice
counselor imposing their opinion
ex: telling CL to practice deep breathing
process advice
empowering
help CLs navigate their own issues
ex: teaching CL how relaxation lessens anxiety
Crisis Period Phases
- event or threat
- escalation
- acute crisis
- climax of crisis
(gerald caplan)
CISD Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
short term
small groups
secondary trauma victims
24-72 hours
grief
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
(kubler ross)
not linear
appropriate touch
understand culture
therapeutically beneficial
sublimation
subliminal - hidden
desires/thoughts that don’t fit in with society
ex: woman who argues, she becomes a lawyer
protect ego
rationalization
rationalize - justify
protect ego
reaction formation
opposite
reaction is opposite to what is felt
ex: laughing when sad
protect ego
regression
revert to earlier stage
protect ego
identification
over identify with parts of self
ex: only uses title not name
protect ego
projection
projector
placing my thoughts onto others
lack of boundaries between self and world
inside out
ex: mom who hates self, projects onto daughter hate because daughter must hate her too
protect ego
introjection
taking in what I think some one thinks about me
they must be thinking this about me so it must be true
outside in
protect ego
idealization
someone famous or better must be better than me
protect ego
devaluation
devalue self
ex: I am not that good
protect ego
ego-splitting
borderline personality
no in between
all good or all bad
protect ego
ego syntonic
in sync with ego (self)
personality disorders
anorexia
ego dystonic
not in sync with ego (self)
dissociation
normal reaction to trauma
can result in multiple personalities DID
protect body and mind
protect ego
compartmentalization
men
separate
place things in a box
protect ego
intellectualization
not feeling feelings but analyzing thoughts
logical
protect ego
displacement
transferring negative emotions to an unrelated person or thing
protect ego
piaget
cognitive development - how I learn
sensorimotor - 0-2yo, 5 senses, object permanence
preoperational - 2-7yo, magic thinking, all about me
concrete - 7-11yo, literal/logical, conservation (cup)
formal - 12+, abstract, deductive reasoning
accommodation
change my schema to fit new info
(piaget)
assimilation
fit environment into my schema
(piaget)
schema
process of learning
(piaget)
mahler
object relations
need 1 person for attachment
autistic/fusion - just there (1-2mo)
symbiotic - need person to live
separation/individuation - separate person
-differentiation
-practicing period - walking
-rapprochement - exploring w/in eyesight
object constancy - someone will always be there
develop personality disorder if not attached
erickson
psychosocial development
childhood - adulthood
trust vs mistrust (0-2yo)
autonomy vs shame/doubt (2-3yo) potty training
initiative vs guilt (3-6yo) preschool
industry vs inferiority (6-12yo) what good at
identity vs diffusion (12-20yo) peer relationships
intimacy vs isolation (20-40yo)
generativity vs stagnation (40-65) parent, community
integrity vs despair (65+) live with purpose
kohlberg
moral development
level 1: preconventional (0-6yo)
1. avoid punishment
2. rewarded
level 2: conventional (7-11yo)
3. good person (conformity)
4. avoid punishment (law&order)
level 3: postconventional (11+)
5. individual rights, community
6. morality, conscious
freud
psychodynamic/psychoanalytic
bring unconscious to conscious
counselor expert
free association
id - devil, pleasure principle, instinctual
ego - balance, reality
superego - angel, ideal, morality
oral - mouth, eating, smoking
anal - obsessive, stubborn
phallic - electra(girls)/oedipus(boys)
latency - no sexual
genital - intercourse
anna o.
case study for freud
incomplete sentence test
subjective/projective
(freud)
TAT
black/white photo test (subjective/projective)
(freud)
strong interest inventory
holland
rorschach
inkblot test (subjective/projective)
(freud)
rogers
humanistic
rogerian
client centered
person centered
client is expert
genuine
unconditional positive regard
congruence
empathy
self actualization (maslow)
no diagnose
client set goals
counselor support CL to be full-functioning person
titchener
first to use empathy
therapeutic relationship building phases
- initiation
- clarification
- structure
- relationship
positive interaction phases
- explore feelings (define problem)
- consolidation (integration)
- planning (employing)
- termination
halo effect
attractive people are more socially desirable
holland
RIASEC
realistic-hands on
investigative-systematic
artistic-imaginative
social-helping others
enterprising-leadership
conventional-practical
personal interest
consistency - adjacent pairs alike
differentiation - highs&lows
congruence - type&environment same
career assessment inventory
holland
vocational preference inventory
holland
myers briggs
carl jung
16 personality types
personality inventory
donald super
lifespan/lifespace career theory
developmental trait-factor
recycling
life roles:
child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, parent, spouse, homemaker
stages:
growth (0-14)
exploration (14-25)
establishment (25-45)
maintenance (45-65)
disengagement (65+)
savickas
career construction theory
narrative approach
life design-construct career by opposing meaning
ann roe
8 fields and 6 levels
based on childhood, maslow
ginzberg, et. al
long term process
choice
fantasy (0-11)
tentative (11-17)
realistic (17-20ish)
gottfredson
circumscription and compromise
development
circumscribe-narrow down
compromise-opt out
- size and power (3-5)
- sex roles (6-8)
- social valuation (9-13)
- unique self (14+)
krumboltz
social learning
genetic endowments
special abilities
environmental conditions
learning experiences
task approach skills
planned happenstance
career beliefs inventory
krumboltz
identify mental barriers
hoppock
needs based theorist
address role of needs in choosing, changing, and being satisfied in career
tiedeman
career developed with resolved ego relevant crises
anticipation/preoccupation-working to get job
implementation/adjustment-keep the job
cognitive information processing
CASVE
communication
analysis
synthesis
valuing
execution
bandura
social learning theory
bobo doll
self efficacy - I can do it
-personal performance
-vicarious learning
-social persuasion
-physiological states
constructivist
individuals construct their own reality or truth
contextualism
career develops between individual and environment
hb gelatt
decision making process
positive uncertainty-be positive it won’t work out
trait & factor approach
actuarial/matching
developed by frank parsons
trait - individual
factor - occupations
match person with occupation
choosing a vocation (book)
frank parsons
eg williamson
trait and factor approach
analysis
synthesis
diagnosis
prognosis
counseling
follow-up
crites
comprehensive model
diagnosis by:
differential-what problems
dynamic-why occurred
decisional-how dealt with
after diagnosis:
client centered
developmental
psychodynamic techniques
trait and factor
behavioral approaches
vocational maturity-continuous development
career maturity inventory
crites
undecided
need more info
indecisive
problem making a decision
job
one person
one position
doing a set of tasks
occupation
definable work activity in many locations
career
education, training, experience associated with occupation
lifestyle
orientation and preference in regard to career
portfolio career
more than one line of work at the same time
encore career
retired and returning to work
trauma career counseling
transparent
trust
permission
here and now
career counseling process
relationship
identification
assessment
information
decision making
implementation
follow-up
diversity
gender, socioeconomic status, age, spirituality, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation
o’net ability profiler
aptitude
armed services vocational aptitude test
ASVAB
aptitude
differential aptitude test
DAT
aptitude
iowa tests of basic skills
ITBS
achievement
scholastic assessment test
SAT
achievement
american college test
ACT
achievement
graduate record examination
GRE
acheivement
strong interest inventory
SII
interest
self directed search
SDS
interest
kuder career search planning system
interest
o’net interest profiler
interest
copsystem 3c
interest
measures interests, abilities, and values
campbell interest and skill survey
interest
o’net work importance profiler
values
supers work value inventory
values
minnesota importance questionaire
values
world of work map
organizing occupations
incorporates holland codes
developed by ACT
44 career areas
computer guidance systems
SIGI3: system of interactive guidance and information
DISCOVER
Magellan7: HS, middle school, special needs
CHOICES
Focus2
career education
awareness (elementary)
exploration (middle/junior high)
orientation (HS)
preparation (HS)
gig economy
seasonal or contract workers
