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AP Bio - Chapter 11-12 > Flash Cards 13.1 and 13 > Flashcards

Flash Cards 13.1 and 13

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1
Q

<p>Transformation</p>

A

<p>change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell</p>

<p>Think: Griffith and Avery</p>

<p>Griffith did not know in 1928 what the transforming factor was made of! </p>

<p>Avery and team figured it out. </p>

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2
Q

<p>phage</p>

A

<p>Virus that attacks bacteria</p>

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3
Q

<p>Chargaff's rules</p>

A

<p>DNA base composition varies between species</p>

<p>For each species. the % of A and T are roughly equal</p>

<p>The % of G and C bases are roughly equal. </p>

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4
Q

<p>photo 51</p>

A

<p>Confirmed DNA is a helix</p>

<p>2 strands (not 3)</p>

<p>uniform width (eliminating Watson's idea that A could pair with A)</p>

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5
Q

<p>Antiparallel</p>

A

<p>subunits run in opposite directions</p>

<p>5' to 3' paired to a strand that is running 3' to 5'</p>

<p>The 5' end has a phosphate group, the 3' a -OH</p>

<p></p>

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6
Q

<p>semiconservative model of replication</p>

A

<p>Proposed by Watson and Crick, proven by Meselson and Stahl.</p>

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7
Q

<p>origins of replication</p>

A

<p>sites where DNA replication begins</p>

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8
Q

<p>Replication fork</p>

A

<p>Y shaped region where the parental strands are being unwound by helicase (shown in yello)</p>

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9
Q

<p>single-strand binding proteins</p>

A

<p>bind to unpaired DNA strands to keep them from re-pairing</p>

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10
Q

<p>topoisomerase or gyrase</p>

A

<p>The untwisting of the DNA causes strain ahead of the fork.</p>

<p>Topoisomerase relieves the strain.</p>

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11
Q

<p>primer</p>

A

<p>short stretch of RNA (5 to 10 nucleotides long)</p>

<p>Made by primase. </p>

<p>The primer is shown in green. </p>

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12
Q

<p>DNA polymerase</p>

A

<p>catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the preexisting chain. </p>

<p>There are several polymerases in <em>E.Coli</em> but 2 you need to know. </p>

<p>DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III</p>

<p>There are 11 in eukaryotes! </p>

<p>DNA polymerase can add 500 nucleotides per second in prokaryotes and 50 per second in human cells.</p>

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13
Q

<p>dATP or dGTP, etc</p>

A

<p>a sugar, base, and three phosphates. </p>

<p>2 phosphates are released when a nucleotide is added. </p>

<p>exergonic reaction/helps drive polymerization</p>

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14
Q

<p>leading strand vs. lagging strand</p>

A

<p>leading: one primer, made continuously by DNA pol III</p>

<p>lagging: many primers, made discontinuously, series of segments called Okasaki fragments.</p>

<p>Fragments are 1000-2000 nucleotides in <em>E. coli</em> and 100-200 nucleotides in Eukaryotes</p>

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15
Q

<p>ligase</p>

A

<p>enzymes the joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okasaki Fragments</p>

<p>We'll see it again in figure 13.21 and 13.25</p>

<p>Anytime repairs must be made, ligase is used! </p>

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16
Q

<p>mismatch repair/change in base repair</p>

A

<p>Even though DNA polymerase is a great proofreader (there is one error per 10 billion nucleotides) it does happen. </p>

<p>Other enzymes remove (nuclease)and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides. </p>

<p>Ligase seals the backbone together.</p>

<p>One mismatch is associated with a form of colon cancer.</p>

17
Q

<p>telomeres</p>

A

<p>As a result of many rounds of replication, DNA molecules get shorter. </p>

<p>telomeres protect the ends of DNA-contain no genes. </p>

<p>A buffer zone of repeated TTAGGG to protect genes. </p>

<p>Postpone erosion of genes</p>

<p>The telomerase enzyme lengthens telomeres but is not active in most human cells. </p>

<p>The shortening of telomeres is proposed to play a role in aging.</p>

<p>Short Video: <a>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0fRAr-ZHCo</a></p>

<p><a>https://www.healthline.com/health/telomeres#telomere-lengthening</a></p>

18
Q

<p>purine</p>

A

<p>2 ring nitrogenous base</p>

<p>Includes A and G</p>

19
Q

<p>pyrimidine</p>

A

<p>one ring nitrogenous base</p>

<p>includes cytosine, thymine and uracil</p>

20
Q

<p>hydrogen bonds</p>

A

<p>hold DNA together</p>

<p>3 for G and C</p>

<p>2 for A and T</p>

21
Q

<p>covalent bond</p>

A

<p>holds:</p>

<p>sugar to phosphate</p>

<p>sugar to nitrogenous base</p>

AP Bio - Chapter 11-12 (3 decks)

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