FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Flashcards
AFFF & AR-AFFF
AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM; ALCOHOL RESISTANT AQEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM;
1%-6% CONCENTRATION MOST COMMONLY USED
AUTO IGNITION TEMP
THE LOWEST TEMP WHERE A SUBSTANCE WILL AUTO-IGNITE AND COMBUST WITHOUT AN IGNITION SOURCE
ARFF FOAM UNIT
DESIGNED TO HAVE PUMP AND ROLL CAPABILITY 100 GALLONS OF FOAM CONCENTRATE
BARREL(BBL)
Petroleum products handled by pipelines and in bulk storage are measured in barrels. A
barrel (abbreviated bbl) contains 42 U.S. gallons
Combustible Liquid
Liquid having a flash point above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.78 Celsius)
and below 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93.33 Celsius).
Fixed Facility Containment:
1). Primary containment: Includes tanks and piping where product is contained under
normal circumstances.
2). Secondary containment: Diked area around tanks where product will be contained in
the initial stages of an incident. Secondary containment also includes controlled drainage
areas at loading racks and other areas where spills are likely to occur. Product may be
diverted to secondary containment from other areas, or may be diverted from secondary
containment to remote impounding areas.Response to Flammable Liquid Emergency Incidents, Second Edition Final Version – April 2014
3).Tertiary containment: Additional area where product can be contained in the event of a
catastrophic incident. Product may also be diverted to this area for remote impounding.
Fixed Facility Fire Protection Features:
Fixed Foam System: Complete foam delivery system that can provide finished foam to a
specific area without intervention. This type of system includes a water supply and a
foam supply for a set duration to control an anticipated incident. These systems may be
equipped for automatic operation or may require manual initiation.
Portable Protection: Foam delivery system that can be carried or wheeled.
Semi-Fixed Foam System: A foam delivery system that is similar in concept to a dry
standpipe. This system consists of piping and foam discharge outlets that are installed to
protect hazard areas but have no supply of foam or water connected to them. These
systems require action by the fire department.
Topside Foam System: A system of fixed foam chambers (a device where foam solution
is combined with air to produce finished foam) and piping designed to deliver finished
foam from above the surface of the contents of the tank. This may be a fixed or semifixed system.
Subsurface Foam System: A system in which foam solution is injected at the bottom of
the tank and rises to the surface of the product. This may be a fixed or semi-fixed system.
Rim Protection: A system used on some floating roof tanks where protection is provided
to the rim of the roof only by use of a foam dam.
Flammable Liquid
Any liquid having a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.78
degrees Celsius) and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute.
Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV):
An alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine
designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol
fuel.
Fluoro-Protein Foam (FPF):
Fluoroprotein foam is much like protein foam, but with a
fluorocarbon surfactant added to the ingredients. This foam provides good knockdown ability,
excellent heat resistance, excellent fuel tolerance, excellent vapor suppression, and no alcohol
tolerance. FPF is available in 3% and 6% versions.
Foam Application Methods (Fixed Facility):
Type I: Obsolete method no longer used in the NOVA region. This type of application
was intended to deliver finished foam to burning surface gently and with minimal
agitation.
Type II: Fixed foam outlet, either subsurface or topside, designed to deliver finished
foam to surface of burning liquid with restricted agitation.Response to Flammable Liquid Emergency Incidents, Second Edition Final Version – April 2014
4
Type III: Use of master streams and hand line nozzles to deliver finished foam to the
burning surface in a manner resulting in some agitation of the surface
Foam Task Force:
Response consisting of two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two
engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset (if not already dispatched).
Hydrocarbon:
Organic compound found in petroleum products, containing primarily hydrogen
and carbon. Most hydrocarbons are refined from crude oil or have been extracted from vegetable
fiber. Typical hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline and diesel fuel.
Hydrophilic:
A substance having a strong affinity for water.
Leak:
Release of product from primary containment, such as a tank, pipe, valve, etc. Leaks may
be controlled or uncontrolled. In a controlled leak, the flow of product has been stopped by some
action, such as closing a valve. In an uncontrolled leak product is still actively flowing.
Loading Rack (Fixed Facility):
Area where tank vehicles are loaded with product for delivery
outside the facility.
Operating Modes:
Operating modes indicate the type of action that is currently being taken.
The mode can be changed to a more or less aggressive attack as the situation dictates or as
additional resources become available. It is important that all personnel operating at the incident
understand the implications of the current mode and are made aware of any change.
Polar solvents
are products of distillation that are water soluble. As a result, polar solvents have
an attraction to water and controlling spills and fires of this product necessitate the use of special
types of foams. Examples or polar solvents include alcohols (such as ethanol), ketones, and
lacquers.
Hydrocarbons
are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon and are found
primarily in petroleum products and coal. Most hydrocarbons are a byproduct of crude oil or
have been extracted from vegetable fiber. Typical hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline and diesel
fuel.
Hydrocarbons and polar solvents may be further classified as flammable or combustible
Hydrocarbons and polar solvents may be further classified as flammable or combustible
Flammable liquids are those having a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.78 degrees
C) and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute.
Combustible liquids
have a flash point above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.78 degrees C) and
below 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93.33 Celsius)
Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline in which the composition has been changed to reduce
automotive emissions
. RFG has lower levels of volatile compounds and benzene, and contains
oxygenates such as ether, methanol or ethanol. RFG with greater than 10% oxygenate additives
reacts more like a polar solvent and should be treated as such.
Common Ethanol Fuel Mixtures
Ethanol-blended fuels may include blends of gasoline and ethanol in any ratio, but presently
there are three common ethanol-blended fuels. Most common is E-10 (10 percent ethanol and 90
percent gasoline) which may be labeled as RFG or oxygenated gasoline. Also common is E-95
other ethanol fuel mixtures
ethanol that has been denatured with 5 percent unleaded gasoline, finally, E-85 (85 percent
ethanol and 15 percent gasoline) is sold into a developing market as a retail blend for FlexibleFuel Vehicles (FFV) only. While ethanol has been consistently blended at the 5.7 percent and 7.7
percent level in California, it is more frequently blended at the 10 percent level by volume across
the United States. With a requirement to replace the octane improvement lost by state bans on
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), the demand for ethanol has increased dramatically
The EPA has recently approved a new fuel blend that will be appearing in the marketplace for
consumer use
Emergency responders should be aware of the introduction and distribution of E-
15 (15 percent ethanol and 85 percent gasoline). This blend is an increase from the most
common gasoline: E-10 (10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline)
Pure ethanol is a polar solvent that
is water-soluble and has a 55°F flash point
Ethanol has a
vapor density of
1.59
Vapor Density of Air is
1.00
Ethanol’s specific gravity is
0.79
Ethanol has an auto-ignition temperature of
793*F
. Ethanol has a boiling point of
173*F
ethanol’s greatest hazard
is its flammability
ethanol’s flammable range
It has a
wider flammable range than gasoline: the lower explosive limit (LEL) is 3.3 percent and the
upper explosive limit (UEL) is 19 percent
In a pure form, ethanol does not
produce visible
smoke and has a hard-to-see blue flame. In a denatured form there is little to no smoke, but a
slight orange flame may be visible,
ethanol and some ethanol blends can
conduct electricity
gasoline does not
conduct electricity and is considered an electrical insulator
striking difference between these two fuels is that, unlike gasoline, ethanol
mixes easily with water
ethanol
Even at 5
parts water to 1 part ethanol, it will still burn
what are the two area pipelines
colonial and plantation
AR-AFFF proved to be
the most effective and most versatile agent tested. It was the
only agent that was successful in all fire test scenarios
small spill
55 gallons or less
The resources required for the management of a small spill not occurring inside a structure
include
One engine company with atmospheric monitoring capabilities.
The engine company officer should consider a hazardous materials response (per
jurisdictional guidelines).
If spill ignites, a Foam Task Force (FTF) (two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit,
two engines, one battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset if not already
dispatched) should be requested.
A large spill
is a spill exceeding 55 gallons or multiple spills
from multiple small packages or containers. Large spill responses include any incident at or
involving pipelines, horizontal tanks, tank farms, or flammable liquid tanker trucks or rail cars.
The resources required for the management of a large spill with or without fire include the
following:
4 engines
2 specialty units – one must be an aerial device
2 EMS units
1 battalion chief
1 command aide
1 EMS supervisor
1 Foam Task Force (FTF) (two AR foam units, one pump-and-roll unit, two engines, one
battalion chief, and one hazardous materials asset if not already dispatched)
A hazardous material response (based on jurisdictional requirements)
Incident Commanders should request a tanker task force response in non-hydrant areas
There are four tactical approaches to tanker truck incidents.
- First, assemble the resources and extinguish the fire with Class B foam. Be sure an
adequate foam and water supply is available before initiating the attack. Blended alcohol
fuels will require an AR foam concentrate. - Second, for combustible liquids, extinguish the fire with water fog when it can be done
without creating environmental problems with the runoff. Large, hot fires of combustible
liquids (such as tank trucks) will require foam application for timely extinguishments. - Third, protect adjacent exposures, and allow the fuel to burn itself out. If the incident
occurs in a rural area, obtaining sufficient water can be a problem. Develop plans for
sustaining water supplies with fire department vehicles or large-diameter hose relays
along major roads and expressways. - And lastly, un-ignited leaks and spills should be diked immediately at a safe location and
the liquid covered with foam to suppress and control the flammable vapors. Remove all
ignition sources.
MC-306/DOT406.
These tankers are non-pressurized and have a capacity up to 9,000 gallons. Depending on the
types of product being carried, the tanker is divided into compartments. (aluminum Body)
UN 3475
The E-85 ethanol blend
will carry a new designation for ethanol-blended fuels
E-100 (pure ethanol)
UN 1170.
UN1203
flammable placard when transporting
lower ethanol concentrations up to and including E-10 blended fuels
UN1202
Diesel fuel
E85 PLACARD
3475
FLAMMABLE INCIDENT INITIAL OPS
SAFETY
SIZE UP
SEND
SET UP
PATIENT TRIAGE
RAIL TANK CAR
DOT-111 30,000 GAL CAPACITY COMMON COMMODITIES (PROPANE, GASOLINE, AND ETHANOL.)
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE: ETHANOL HAS A WIDER FLAMMABLE RANGE THAN GASOLINE
MAJOR RAILROADS THAT RUN THROUGH VIRGINIA
CSX
BUCKINGHAM BRANCH
NORFOLK SOUTHERN
AMTRAK
CONRAIL
MWAA
METRO WASHINGTON AIRPORTS AUTHORITY
(TRUE OR FALSE) MWAA ASSETS CAN BE REQUESTED FOR ANY DOWNED AIRCRAFT
TRUE
2 PRIMARY FACTORS IN TRANSFORMER FIRES
LOAD & AGE
WHAT OIL IS USED IN TRANSFORMERS
(PCB OIL)N OLDER UNITS PCB’S ARE CARCINOGENIC
(MINERAL OIL) HAS BECOME THE STANDARD
ALL TRANSFORMERS THAT CONTAIN PCB’S
ARE REQUIRED BY LAW(40 CFR 761.45) TO BE MARKED WITH A STICKER SHOWING THE TRANSFORMER MAY CONTAIN PCB’S
SMALLER TRANSFORMERS CAN BE FOUND WHERE?
ON POWER POLES
&
SMALL VAULTS IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS
BEST METHOD FOR HANDLING SMALL TRANSFORMER FIRES
QUICKLY WITH A DRY CHEM EXTINGUISHER, BEFORE THE POWER IS SHUT DOWN
Petroleum storage facilities and employees are at
the greatest risk of spills and fires when and where
they interact with transfer and storage
processes.
the three benchmarks
that define the nature and current scope of a flammable or combustible liquid incident
Life safety,
Incident stabilization/protecting the environment, and
Property conservation.
The overall strategic goals of any incident at a bulk petroleum facility are:
Rescue,
Public protection actions,
Spill control or confinement,
Leak control or confinement,
Fire control, and
Recovery.
During the course of any flammable or combustible liquid emergency
proper positioning of
specialized foam apparatus is essential
At the discretion of the incident commander
specialized foam apparatus may be positioned in
such a manner so that it is within the hot zone for operational or attack purposes
LOADING RACKS
AREA WITHIN TANK FARM WHERE THE TANKERS ARE LOADED AND UNLOADED (THESE TANKERS CARRY BETWEEN 1,500-10,000)
T/F? ARE ACCIDENTS OR SPILLS AT THE LOADING RACK ONE OF THE MORE COMMON SPILLS SITES WITHIN A TANK FARM
TRUE
TANK TRUCKS ARE LOADED FROM TWO LOCATIONS
TANKERS ARE LOADED EITHER FORM THE TOP OR BOTTOM
NAME TWO SAFETY FEATURES BUILT INTO NEWER LOADING RACK SYSTEMS
- VAPOR RECOVERY LINES AND FUEL TRANSFER HOSES
- THE ELECTRONIC INTERLOCK WHICH ELECTRONICALLY GROUNDS THE TANKER AND ELECTRONICALLY MONITORS THE TRANSFER PROCESS TO PREVENT STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE.
MOST PIPELINES CONTAIN?
SOME TYPE OF FUEL (LIQUID OR GAS) They may be used to transport a variety of compounds
and/or chemicals necessary for food processing, manufacturing, and other applications as well as
those that transport flammable liquids.
PIPELINE LOACATIONS
MOST are found underground,
occasionally pipelines run above ground.
For the purposes of this manual
we will focus on
pipelines used to transport flammable liquids.
Interstate transmission lines are typically made of
welded steel
TWO MAIN PIPLINES IN FAIRFAX COUNTY
Colonial Pipeline 800-926-2728
Plantation Pipeline 800-510-5678
A PRODUCT ON THE GROUND PIPELINE SPILL MUST BE
treated as a large spill, and, as such, should get the
response for a large spill as outlined earlier in the manual.
WHEN THERE IS A LOADING RACK FIRE
In conjunction with the deployment of those exposure protection lines is the absolute necessity to
support any fixed foam protection systems incorporated within the loading rack that have
activated.
WHEN THERE IS A LOADING RACK FIRE
In conjunction with the deployment of those exposure protection lines is the absolute necessity to
support any fixed foam protection systems incorporated within the loading rack that have
activated.
Red piping denotes what on the fuel storage tank
piping for a sub surface foam suppression system
TRUE OR FALSE; SEAL FIRES ARE A VERY COMMON WITH OPEN FLOATING ROOF PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS
TRUE
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LOW PRESSURE TANKS HANDLES PRESSURES THAT DO NOT EXCEED _________PSI?
15 PSI
FIRES CAUSED BY OVERFILLING VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LOW PRESSURE TANKS IS A COMMON ISSUE (TRUE OR FALSE?)
TRUE, FIRES COMMONLY OCCUR IN LOW PRESSURE VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL TANKS FROM OVER FILLING
