FLAMBOROUGH HEAD- head-energy coastline

Question 1

key physical factor- GEOLOGY

Answer 1

20-30m cliffs with till ontop at 40*, chalk headland=hard and slower to erode
- Flamborough head= large CHALK headlands with till cliffs left from glaciers
- Differences in rock resistances form bays and headlands
= LONG TERM PERMANENT factor that determines the rate of marine processes most sign factor as affects EVERYWHERE and determines landform types

Question 2

key physical factor- ENERGY

Answer 2

NE dominant waves=> not all landforms equally exposed
1500KM FETCH
-areas of Saturn more exposed => highest inputs of wave energy

LSD N->S from high energy inputs
SEASONAL AND DAY TI DAY CHANGES DEPENDS IN HOW EXPOSED eg. filet bay sheltered and wave energy is more constructive

Question 3

rate of erosion of different rock types? wave height?

Answer 3

-weak shale+clay =0.8m/yr to form gentle sloping cliffs
-limestone=0.1m/yr
height exceeds 4m even in summer

Question 4

key physical factor- SEDIMENT SUPPLY

Answer 4

HISTORICAL
onshore from last ice age (20-14,000 yrs ago)
minimal amount from river Esk as heavily managed

-rate of sediment accumulation VARIES along the coastline as dif levels of wave/aeolian processes

Question 5

interrelated landforms WAVE ENERGY

Answer 5

Powerful enough to erode bottom of cliff face and retreat it to form platform, keeps retreating until energy is lost RHB

Less in enclosed bay environments -> more sediment picked up and deposited on beach

High fetch 1500km has high erosive power to from landforms such as stacks — Green Stacks pinnacle

Question 6

interrelated landforms geology/headlands/landforms

Answer 6

DISCORDANT coastline creates layers of Hard and soft rock to form headlands where wave refraction and erosion is concentrated-> STACKS

HEADLANDS act as a WAVE BREAK for FILEY BAY to decrease energy -> more sediment picked up to build up beach -> deposition rates increased

Question 7

5 Key landforms:

Answer 7

1. CLIFFS, mostly overlaid by a layer of glacial till/horizontally bedded
   -At Flamborough= made of chalk (strong) but till and mass movement lowers cliff to 40*
   -At Robin Hoods Bay + Saltburn = varied geology forms a steep profile (sand + limestone)
2. SHORE PLATFORM, cliff retreat due to high energy waves from NE
   RHB= 300m wide, relict features formed over the last 6000 years
3. GEOS 50 of them!! facing dominant wave direction
4. HEADLANDS + BAYS FROM LARGE VARIATION IN ROCK TYPES AND WAVE REFRACTION EXPOSING JOINTS AND FAULTS
   Prominent headland at Flamborough, CHALK HEADLAND with deep CLAY BAYS
   ARCHES at Selwicks Bay
   Green stacks pinnacle= isolated stack HA opened joint in chalk
5. BEACHES
   FEW WELL-DEVELOPED!
   Some LSD but coastline lacks spits/drift-aligned features due to HIGH TIDAL RANGE OF 4m and lack of estuaries at providing sediment sinks

Filey Bay= sheltered and more developed
At Saltburn= waves erode sediment before it can accumulate

Question 8

how landforms change overtime- cliffs + shore platform

Answer 8

Cliffs at Flamborough Head slower to erode by marine processes, will only collapse when large storm surges in winter months
However upper parts of cliffs weaker weathering and MM-> more sloping

Shore platform at RHB- overtime erode notch increase platform size at a slower rate unless massive SL rise = VERY SLOW CHANGES

Question 9

how landforms change over time- Filey Bay + Saltburn + Arches

Answer 9

Bay= accumulate sediment in summer from constructive waves and removed in winter (requires dynamic equilibrium)

Saltburn= NET INCREASE in sediment but looses a lot during winter months

Arches/stacks = fast process collapse-> stumps

Question 10

KEY FACTS!

Answer 10

NE WIND
1500KM FETCH
4M HIGH TIDAL RANGE
NO WELL-DEVELOPED BEACHES
LARGE VARIATION IN ROCK TYPES

Question 11

The Holbeck hall landslide…

Answer 11

involves 1 million tones of glacial till landslide destroyed a 4 star hotel due to rainfall of 140mm in the 2 months before and type of geology not permeable