FKA2

Question 1

Describe the nature of Dr. William Bablers research pertains to prenatal development of friction skin.

Answer 1

They were describes the factors that influence the formation of ridges, including skeletal factors, ridge bundles, neurotrophic factors, volar pad topography, and growth stresses and pressures. He also explored congenital defects, and the effects these defects have on ridge development.

Question 2

What is the difference in structure between basal cells in the primary and secondary ridges?

Answer 2

Basal cells in secondary ridges, have more keratin and have longer projection, extending deeper in the dermis, while the junction in primary ridges with the basement membrane is slightly undulated.

Question 3

What are Meissner corpuscle’s?

Answer 3

They are mechano-receptors found in the dermal papillae. They relay fine touch and low frequency vibrations to the central nervous system.

Question 4

What is the primary cell type of the epidermis?

Answer 4

Keratinocytes

Question 5

What prevents the migration of cells from the basal layer to the epidermis?

Answer 5

Hemi-desmosomes and interlocking fibres throughout the basement membrane.

Question 6

What phenomenon ensures that basal cell migration is stimulated, and inhibited in a coordinated manner?

Answer 6

Cell to cell communication

Question 7

According to Dr. Okajima, what are two subtle changes to friction skin surface as a person ages?

Answer 7

Surface ridges begin to flatten and appear less sharp.
Loss of elasticities causes the skin to become flaccid and to wrinkle.

Question 8

What are the three healing phases of a wound to the skin?

Answer 8

Inflammation
Proliferation and tissue formation
Tissue remodelling

Question 9

What causes the puckering of ridges during the formation of a scar at an injury site?

Answer 9

As the opposing sheets of basil, keratinocytes move toward one another, the dermis contracts, the wound bed to shorten the distance keratinocytes have to migrate to cover the wound.

Question 10

Why is it important for a fingerprint expert to understand the physical limitations of the friction skin?

Answer 10

If the variation in appearance between two impressions of friction skin goes beyond the physical limitations of the skin, the impressions cannot be from the same source.

Question 11

According to Dr. Kimura’s research identify win the prominent flexion creases develop

Answer 11

Eight weeks the thenar crease is visible
Nine weeks the finger creases appear
10 weeks the toe creases appear
11 weeks distal, transverse crease appears
13 weeks proximal transverse crease appears

Question 12

What is meant by volar pad regression

Answer 12

Growth of the volar pad slows, and they are overtaken by the more rapidly growing surface around them. The growth of the hand over takes the fuller pads and the pads become less prominent.

Question 13

According to Dr. Okajima, Chaco and Vaidya’s research, when do the dermal papillae begin to form and when do they stop?

Answer 13

At 23 weeks gestational age and continue to develop into adulthood

Question 14

The onset of cellular proliferation which begins primary ridge formation occurs in what three distinct areas?

Answer 14

The Apex of the volar pad
The distal periphery or tip of the finger
The distal interphalangeal flexion crease area

Question 15

Name the three main areas of the palm

Answer 15

Interdigital
Hypothenar
thenar

Question 16

Name the three groups of flexion creases found in the palm

Answer 16

Major
Minor
Secondary

Question 17

Name the major Palmer flexion creases

Answer 17

Distal transverse
Proximal transverse
Thenar

Question 18

Can Palmer flexion creases be used for personal identification

Answer 18

Yes, they can be used for personal identification, when used in conjunction with friction ridges, because they are persistent

Question 19

What are the basic premises upon which fingerprint identification is based

Answer 19

Friction ridges develop in their definitive state on the foetus before birth
Friction ridge details are persistent throughout life, except for permanent scarring
Friction ridge patterns and small areas are unique, and never repeated
Overall friction ridge patterns vary within limits to allow for classification

Question 20

What is the philosophy of fingerprint identification?

Answer 20

Friction ridge identification is established through agreement of friction ridge characteristics, in sequence, having sufficient uniqueness to individualize.

Question 21

What is referred to as the holistic assessment approach to fingerprint identification?

Answer 21

Quantitative qualitative processes

Question 22

Name and summarize the methodology you use to individualize a fingerprint

Answer 22

The methodology is called Ace – V
A - for analysis, a thorough analysis is completed taking into consideration, the anatomical factors, the surface, the matrix, the developmental medium, deposition pressure, distortion and clarity in order to establish the level of detail available tolerances for differences and suitability for comparison
C - for comparison, the unknown and the known are placed side-by-side and friction ridge characteristics are compared in sequence
E - for evaluation the weight or significance of the agreement, or disagreement observed in the comparison is considered, and an opinion is formed based on this evaluation
V - for verification another examiner performs the ace method separately

Question 23

What is the purpose of the analysis stage of ace – V?

Answer 23

The impression is broken down into various components gathering all available information in order to establish the level of detail available, tolerances for differences, and ultimately the suitability for comparison

Question 24

There are three levels of detail, which can be observed in a fingerprint impression. Describe each level and explain its significance to the identification process.

Answer 24

1 - the general fingerprint pattern, the flow, the ridges, including whether the core, and or delta are visible. This can be used as a basis for exclusion, but cannot be relied upon for identification.
2 - the specific ridge paths, any deviations or minutiae and incipient ridges. Can be used to form an opinion of identification or exclusion.
3 - includes pore locations with the ridges, scars and intrinsic ridge edges. Not required in forming an opinion, but the presence of third level detail can strengthen an opinion.

Question 25

In friction ridge analysis terms, what is a vestige

Answer 25

A group of ridges perpendicular to the surrounding ridges

Question 26

Salil Chatterjee used what term to describe the examination and evaluation of the edges of friction ridges. Briefly explain its relevance to the fingerprint identification process.

Answer 26

Edgoscopy
The analysis and examination of the fine details of ridge edges. It cannot be used to form the basis of an opinion of identification or exclusion. However, it can be used to strengthen an opinion.

Question 27

Through heredity certain traits are passed genetically from parent to child why they were fingerprint details, not inherited?

Answer 27

While general fingerprint patterns, and some details can be similar between parent and child, fingerprint details are not inherited because of developmental noise. Developmental noise is the biological term that describes the random factors that contribute to the variability of friction skin features or characteristics. These factors include random timing, random growth and random pressures.

Question 28

Does a ridge ending that shows as a bifurcation and vice versa have an impact on their significance

Answer 28

No, due to moisture pressure or even excess or lack of matrix a true ending ridge may show us a bifurcation and vice versa. Those differences are within normal tolerances and have no fundamental relevance.

Question 29

Are white lines to be considered permanent

Answer 29

No, they are not permanent. They have the ability to shrink and grow. They’re usually associated with age.

Question 30

Explain the term pressure distortion as it pertains to fingerprint comparisons

Answer 30

Pressure distortion takes place on the lateral or horizontal plane. It is usually accompanied by sideways sliding and twisting, resulting in smearing of the matrix.

Question 31

Does the absence of third level detail prevent the examiner from affecting an identification and why?

Answer 31

No, when third level detail is visible it is always used in concert with second level detail.

Question 32

List four factors that may affect the duration that a latent fingerprint will remain on a surface

Answer 32

Matrix - amount and type
Temperature and humidity
Type of surface
Exposure to elements

Question 33

Explain the difference between identification and individualization

Answer 33

That you can be considered interchangeable, however, in some friends with disciplines identification, to note the similarity of class characteristics, while individualization is considered to be the determination by an examiner that there’s sufficient quality and quantity of detail in agreement to conclude that two impressions originated from the same source.

Question 34

Who conducted the 50 K versus 50 K study?

Answer 34

The FBI and Lockheed-Martin

Question 35

Who was the first researcher to use a probability model for fingerprint identification?

Answer 35

Sir Francis Galton in 1892

Question 36

Provide a brief summary on the use of probability models for fingerprint identification

Answer 36

All probability models demonstrate that fingerprint minutia are highly discriminating features, and the more minutia that are shared between impressions the less likely it becomes to randomly observe these features elsewhere in the population, the staggeringly low probabilities proposed by these models have not been tested in real world, large databases, and therefore have not been validated. These probabilities may be accurate, or they may grossly underestimate or overestimate the truth.
The models have value and are important to the development of the discipline, however, none have been subjected to testing the basic element of the scientific method and approach.

Question 37

Provide a brief explanation on why we are not using probability models for fingerprint identifications

Answer 37

Probability models have not been validated. The staggeringly low probability is proposed by the models have not been tested in real world at large databases. These probabilities may be accurate or they may grossly underestimate, or overestimate the truth. The fundamental steps of testing validation and refinement, followed by further testing and validation. The requirement of scientific testing is missing.

Question 38

Briefly outline the nature of Dr. Itiel Dror’s research as it pertains to fingerprint identification

Answer 38

His research included the various cognitive aspects involved in fingerprint, identification, decision, criteria, effects of bias and perceptual issues on decision making.

Question 39

Briefly outline the nature of Dr. Cedric Neumann’s research as it pertains to fingerprint identification

Answer 39

His research focussed on the fingerprint, statistical computation of likelihood ratios for configurations of any number of minutia.

Question 40

What is DNA?

Answer 40

Deoxyribonucleic acid.
It is the blueprint of life it is found in the nucleus of every cell and makes up the chromosomes which contain the individuals genetic code. Each individual has 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs in each pair the individual inherits one chromosome from the mother, and one from the father. Every individual’s DNA can be distinguished from another except identical twins.

Question 41

What other living things besides humans have DNA that is commonly of forensic significance?

Answer 41

Animals
Bugs
Plants
Some viruses

Question 42

What is mtDNA or MitoDNA

Answer 42

Mitochondria are organelles in each cell, which possess their own DNA in a circular chromosome. The mitochondria is inherited, and as a result, the mtDNA singularly from the mother. Due to the amount of mitochondria in each cell, it could be typed long after nuclear DNA has been degraded.

Question 43

Name four factors that will cause DNA degradation

Answer 43

UV radiation
Chemicals
Bacterial growth and mould
Extreme heat

Question 44

Name five sources of human DNA that you were commonly search for at a crime scene

Answer 44

Blood
Saliva
Hair
Epithelial cells
Semen and vaginal fluids

Question 45

When dealing with a badly decomposed body, what would be the best source for DNA standard samples?

Answer 45

Bone, including marrow - preferably a long bone or rib
Teeth, preferably molars
Deep muscle tissue, approximately 1 inch cube

Question 46

Describe the process for collecting and preserving a sample of liquid blood for DNA analysis

Answer 46

Wear a mask and gloves
Collect the DNA sample using a sterile swab
Allow the swab to dry
Package, seal, and label the exhibit

Question 47

A pair of work boots has been seized from a suspect. One boot has been positively linked to the crime scene. However, the suspect denies ownership of the boots. Is it possible to link the boots to the suspect? If so, explain how.

Answer 47

The boot to be processed for DNA, contact NFLS to submit
Have the boot, examined by barefoot morphology

Question 48

In a criminal investigation, toxicology services of the crime laboratory will examine bodily fluids and tissues. What three general types of toxins could they identify?

Answer 48

Alcohol
Drugs
Poisons

Question 49

List five exhibit which must be submitted in case of death we’re complete toxicological general screen exam is required

Answer 49

Blood - 4 vials: two preserved from a cardiac source, one unpreserved from the same source, and one preserved from a peripheral limb.
Liver - 100 g sample
Stomach - 100 g sample of the organ, or the entire contents
Urine - one vial preserved
Vitreous humour - one vial preserved

Question 50

Which RCMP form must be submitted to the forensic lab when requesting evidence analysis

Answer 50

C – 414

Question 51

Describe how tape is used to collect hair and fibre evidence at a crime scene

Answer 51

White clear adhesive tape is cut into 8 to 10 inch length
Holding two opposite edges, apply the adhesive side to the surface in question
Lift the tape away from the surface
Repeat with the same piece of tape until tackiness is reduced
The tape is an applied adhesive side down to a piece of transparent plastic
Package, seal, and label the exhibit

Question 52

Describe, in your own words, Locard’s principle of exchange, and how it applies to you as a forensic identification member

Answer 52

Little cards principle of exchange describes how when two objects come in contact, they leave traces of themselves on the other object. A forensic examiner needs to be mindful of this to ensure that the proper PPE is used in order to protect the examiner, as well as the integrity of the scene

Question 53

Describe the procedure for taking fingerprint impressions from a deceased person

Answer 53

Use form C216T, lightly apply a black fingerprint powder to the fingers, gently smooth, sticky labels from the form to the powdered area one side of the nail to the other
Apply the label to a document protector or a sheet of clear plastic
And here is the lifter to the backing to ensure it is marked appropriately to ensure impressions are laterally, correct

Question 54

A person known to have an FPS number has died and you were unable to obtain their fingerprints. What should you do?

Answer 54

Send a notification form C – 163 without fingerprint specifying why fingerprints were not possible
Or send an email to CCRTIS with name, date of birth, FPS number, and date of death.

Question 55

List the recommended solutions that can be used to help restore the severely, wrinkled or modified fingers of a cadaver

Answer 55

Photograph any visible friction ridge detail
Cast with rubber casting compound
Diluted solution of fabric softener
Palmolive, dishwashing soap
Kodak photo flo 200

Question 56

Explain the string method of obtaining fingerprint impressions from the wrinkled fingers of a cadaver

Answer 56

Wrap the area beneath the distal phalange under the joint with string
From the outside of the string area, inject sailing into the finger tip between the dermis and epidermis using a hypodermic needle

Question 57

A bullet has penetrated a window. Explain how it is possible to determine if the shot was fired from inside or outside of the building.

Answer 57

The cratering effect will be evident on the exit side around the hole
An examination of the ridge lines on the radial fractures - they are at right angles to the rear.

Question 58

Five 9 mm bullets penetrated a plate glass window. Explain how it is possible to determine the sequence of each hole.

Answer 58

Examination of the termination of the radio fractures will allow determination of sequence of shots, the crack will stop when it reaches an existing crack

Question 59

When a piece of glass breaks, there are usually minute slightly curved, elevations or broken edges. What are the names of the stress marks and explain their forensic significance

Answer 59

Hackel marks/conchoidial fractures are lines on the crack surface running parallel to the local direction of crack spreading
Broken edges can be matched by aligning these stress marks.

Question 60

When national or divisional disaster plans, do not provide specific direction to forensic identification members which document will provide the necessary guidance

Answer 60

The RCMP mass casualty management guide AKA: Disaster Victim Identification Guide

Question 61

List, nine disaster, pre-incident forensic identification duties

Answer 61

1-Identify, gather and maintain stock of supplies and equipment.
2-maintain equipment in working order.
3-prepare and maintain a local resource list of personnel.
4-prepare a fan out list and procedure.
5-carry out periodic test of fan out procedure.
6-acquire and maintain skills in video and still photography.
7-take part in mock disaster or scenarios.
8-arrange air photographs and surveys.
9-take part in divisional, operational planning, identifying FIS needs and concerns.

Question 62

List two reasons why victims of mass disasters must be identified

Answer 62

Investigation
Repatriation

Question 63

During the course of a post mortem examination, the pathologist informs you that the hyoid bone is fractured. What could this suggest?

Answer 63

Post Mortem detection of a hyoid fracture is relevant to the diagnosis of strangulation

Question 64

Describe petechial hemorrhage, and what it may suggest

Answer 64

Petechial haemorrhage are tiny pinpoint red marks, often observed as an important sign of a six-year caused by some external means of obstructing the airways.

Question 65

During an autopsy, the pathologist makes reference to an antemortem injury. To what is the pathologist referring?

Answer 65

Antemortem means occurring or performed before death. Therefore, an antemortem injury was inflicted before or was the cause of death of the individual.

Question 66

During the cursory external examination of a severe cut or wound on a deceased victim, a pathologist describes the number of superficial shallow wounds accompanying the deeper, fatal incision. What could these shallow cuts suggest?

Answer 66

Hesitation wounds, or tentative injuries, often results when a suicidal patient attempts to inside their skin. These injuries are frequently adjacent to in continuation of or overlaying the fatally incised wound.