Fixed oils Flashcards
Scientific names - castor oil
Ricinus communis, R. zanzibarinus
Family - castor oil
Euphorbiaceae
Variation of castor oil with high ricinoleic acid content
R. zanzibarinus
R. zanzibarinus is the variation of castor oil with high ____ content
ricinoleic acid
Synonym: castor oil
Tangan-tangan
Significant lipid constituent/s: castor oil
Ricinoleic acid/ Triricinolein
Obtained by decortications
Castor oil
Castor oil is obtained by ____
decortications
Pomade from ___ contains an allergen
castor
___ from castor contains an allergen
pomade
Pomade from castor contains an ___
allergen
Main uses - castor oil (3)
Used as plasticizer in flexible collodion, stiffening agent, lubricant for combustion engines
Addtl uses - castor oil (3)
Domestic purgative once
Cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination (hospital use)
ion IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility (Nonionic surfactants/polyethoxylated castor oils)
All uses - castor oil (6)
Plasticizer in flexible collodion, stiffening agent, lubricant for combustion engines
Domestic purgative once
Cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination (hospital use)
ion IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility (Nonionic surfactants/polyethoxylated castor oils)
domestic purgative once
CASTOR OIL
Restricted to hospital use for administration as cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination
CASTOR OIL
CASTOR OIL: Restricted to hospital use for administration as __ for __ and preliminary to ___
cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination
used as ion IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility
Nonionic surfactants (polyethoxylated castor oils)
Nonionic surfactants (polyethoxylated castor oils) are used as ion IV preparations which contain drugs of ___
low aqueous solubility
Contains toxic lectin known as ricin
CASTOR OIL
poisonous at high amounts as it contains a toxic __ called __
castor oil, lectin, ricin
Scientific name: cottonseed oil
Gossypium hirsutum
Family - cottonseed oil
Malvaceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: cottonseed oil (2)
Oleic and linoleic acid
Uses - cottonseed oil (4)
Used for manufacture of soap
Solvent for intramuscular injection
Solvent for number of injections, hydrogenated
used to make substitutes for lard
hydrogenated fixed oil
cottonseed oil
T or F: All IM inj solvents are non-drying
F: semi-drying
All __ are semi-drying
IM injection solvents
Cottonseed oil is used to make substitutes for __
lard
Addtl cons: COTTONSEED OIL
gossypol
All cons: cottonseed oil
Oleic and linoleic acid, gossypol
Cons of cottonseed oil used as male contraceptive in China
Gossypol
Scientific name: corn oil
Zea mays
Family - corn oil
Poaceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: corn oil (2)
Oleic and linoleic acid
Uses - corn oil (6)
Semi-drying oil for IM injections (2 of 4)
High-calorie dietary supplement
Baking (hydrogenated oil - semisolid)
Used in salads
Solvent for irradiated ergosterol
Germ oil cake - cattlefeed
Hydrogenated oil is semisolid and used in baking
Corn oil
Used for germ oil cake
Corn oil
Germ oil cake is for ?
cattlefeed
Solvent for irradiated ergosterol
Corn oil
Used in salads
Corn oil
Synonyms: sesame oil (4)
Linga, Gingelly oil, Teel oil, Benne oil
Scientific name: sesame oil
Sesamum indicum
Family - sesame oil
Pedaliaceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: sesame oil. (2)
Oleic and linoleic acids
ID test for sesame oil
Baudoin test
Reagent for ID test for sesame oil, Baudoin test?
HCl containing 1% sucrose (with shaking)
What indicates the presence of sesame oil in Baudoin test? (+ result)
Pink
T or F: there is a current BP test for absence of sesame
T
Reagents for current BP test for absence of sesame (3)
acetic anhydride + furfuraldehyde + sulfuric acid
What (+) result indicates absence of sesame?
Bluish-green
Uses - sesame oil (7)
potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities (sesame lignans)
synergist for pyrethrum insecticides (sesamolin)
Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection
Nutritive, laxative, demulcent, and emollient
Addtl cons - sesame oil. (2)
Sesamolin, Sesame lignans
All cons - sesame oil (4)
Oleic and linoleic acids, Sesamolin, Sesame lignans
Cons of sesame oil used as synergist for pyrethrum insecticides
sesamolin
Cons of sesame oil that has potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities
sesame lignans
Sci name - peanut oil
Arachis hypogaea
Family - peanut oil
Fabaceae
Synonyms - peanut oil (2)
Groundnut oil, arachis oil
Significant lipid constituent/s: peanut oil (3)
Oleic (~50%), linoleic, arachidic
Uses - peanut oil (4)
Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection (4 of 4)
One of the most likely adulterants of other fixed oils (ex. olive)
Used in production of margarine, cooking fats, etc.
Lubricant, and forms excellent, firm, white soap
One of the most likely adulterants of other fixed oils (ex. olive)
Peanut oil
4 Semi-drying oil used as IM injection solvents?
Cottonseed oil
Corn oil
Sesame oil
Peanut oil
Scientific name: almond oil (2)
Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis (sweet), var. amara (bitter)
Family - almond oil
Rosaceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: almond oil
Oleic acid (~60-80%)
Uses - almond oil (6)
Sweet almonds used as food, but bitter almonds are not
Used for many toilet articles
Vehicle for oily injections
Internally, causes mild laxative action
Emollient
Ingredient in cosmetics
ALMOND OIL: __ and __ are separated by steam distillation
Benzaldehyde and HCN
ALMOND OIL: Benzaldehyde and HCN are separated by __
steam distillation
Scientific name: ETHIODIZED OIL
Papaver somniferum
Family - ethiodized oil
Papaveraceae
T or F: Bitter almonds used as food
F - sweet
T or F: Sweet almonds are not used as food
F - bitter
Iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of fatty acids of poppy seed oil
ETHIODIZED OIL
ETHIODIZED OIL: __ addition product of the __ of fatty acids of ___
iodine, ethyl esters, poppy seed oil
Decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming dark brown
ETHIODIZED OIL
ETHIODIZED OIL: Decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming __
dark brown
Uses - ethiodized oil
radiopaque
used in hysterosalpingography and lymphography
Ex of ethiodized oil injection
Lipiodol
Sci name - olive oil
Olea europaea
Fam - olive oil
Oleaceae
Synonyms: Olive oil (2)
Salad oil, sweet oil
Significant lipid constituent/s: olive oil
Oleic acid
Odor is due to C6 alcohols like hexanol and hexenols
Olive oil
Olive oil: Odor is due to __ alcohols like __ and __
C6, hexanol and hexenols
First oil, hence aka “virgin oil”
Olive oi
Olive oil aka __
virgin oil
Subsequently expressed oils are of lower quality
Olive oil
Olive oil: Subsequently expressed oils are of __ quality
lower
Olive oil: 5 pressed oils
virgin oil, second grade, technical oil, sulfur olive oil, tournant oil
Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - gently pressed
Virgin oil
Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - more pressure
second gradr
Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - uses hot water
technical oil
Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - uses carbon disulfide (CS2)
sulfur olive oil
Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - from refuse olives
tournant oil
Uses - olive oil (6)
Used in preparation of soaps, plastics, salads
Retardant for dental cements
preparation of soaps, plasters, and liniments
Demulcent, emollient, laxative
Retardant for dental cements
Olive oil
Scientific name: Palm kernel oil
Elaeis guineensis
Fam - palm kernel oil
Areceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: PALM KERNEL OIL. (2)
Palmitic acid, oleic acid
Use - palm kernel oil
Used as cooking oil
obtained by heating separated seeds for 4-6 hours, then cracked and kernels removed
palm kernel
palm kernel oil: obtained by __ separated seeds for __ hours, then __ and __ removed
heating, 4-6 hrs, cracked, kernels
Significant lipid constituent/s: soybean oil (2)
Linoleic and oleic acids
Uses - soybean oil (3)
Varnish, insulator, other products
T or F: soybean oil is useful as cooking oil
F - not useful
Sterol components of soybean oil
Stigmasterol, sitosterol
All cons - soybean oil
Linoleic and oleic acids, Stigmasterol, sitosterol
Preparations from soybean oil (4)
lecithin
Partially hydrogenation soybean oil
Soybean cake
Soybean meal
Preps soybean oil - for deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism
lecithin
Lecithin is for deranged __ and __ metabolism
lipid, cholesterol
Preps soybean oil: for oral preps
Partially hydrogenation soybean oil
T or F: Partially hydrogenation soybean oil is for oral preps
T
Preps soybean oil: as livestock food
Soybean cake
Preps soybean oil: used for detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum (as soybean contains urease)
Soybean meal
Soybean meal is used used for detection of __ in blood serum (soybean contains __)
urea nitrogen, urease
Cons of soybean oil: precursor for steroidal hormones
stigmasterol, sitosterol
Linseed oil aka __
Flaxseed oil
Significant lipid constituent/s: LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL
Linolenic acid
Scientific name: LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL
Linus usitatissimum
Family - LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL
Linaceae
High iodine value (~175)
LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL
iodine value of linseed oil
175
has high iodine value hence a drying oil
LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL
On exposure to air it thickens and forms hard varnish
LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL
For use in paint, it was boiled with ‘driers’ like litharge or manganese resinate
LINSEED OIL
For use in paint, linseed oil was boiled with ‘__’ like __ or __
driers, litharge, manganese resinate
Linseed oil prep: used as poultice
Crushed linseed
Linseed oil prep: demulcents for gouty and rheumatic swellings
whole seeds
Crushed linseed used as _
poultice
whole seeds of __for demulcents for gouty and rheumatic swellings
linseed
whole seeds of linseeds are used as __ for __ and __
demulcents for gouty and rheumatic swellings
Linseed oil prep - valuable cattle food
Linseed cake
Scientific name: SAFFLOWER SEED OIL
Carthamus tinctorius
Fam: SAFFLOWER SEED OIL
Asteraceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: SAFFLOWER SEED OIL (2)
Oleic acid, linolenic (almost 90%, one of the highest in oils ever)
How much linolenic acid is in safflower seed oil?
almost 90%, one of the highest in oils ever
2 types of safflower seed oil and their cons
Type 1- original species (8-12% oleic)
Type 2 - hybrid forms (70-84% oleic)
Uses - safflower seed oil (3)
The high levels of PUFA decreases blood cholesterol levels
50% oil emulsion - high-calorie dietary supplement
Varnish or waterproofing material
T or F: The high levels of PUFA in safflower seed oil increases blood cholesterol levels
F - decreases
The high levels of PUFA decreases blood __ levels
cholesterol
form of safflower seed oil used as high-calorie dietary supplement
50% oil emulsion
Scientific name: EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
Oenothera biennis
Family - EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
Onagraceae
Cons - EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
omega-6 gamma-linoleic acid (GLA)
EVENING PRIMROSE OIL is an important source of the ?
omega-6 gamma-linoleic acid (GLA)
T or F: gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) is the same as the usual alpha-linolenic acid
F - alpha-linolenic acid is omega-3, while GLA is omega-6
Precursor of prostaglandins for individuals whose enzymic conversion of linoleic acid to GLA is deficient
EVENING PRIMROSE OIL
EVENING PRIMROSE OIL: Precursor of __ for individuals whose __ conversion of __ to __ is deficient
prostaglandins, enzymic, linoleic acid to GLA
Uses - EVENING PRIMROSE OIL (3)
Dietary supplement for cosmetic purposes
treatment of atopic eczema and premenstrual syndrome
EPO: Other sources of GLA and sci names (3)
Black currant (Ribes nigrum)
starflower (Borago officinalis)
comfrey (Symphytum officinalis)
Scientific name: coconut oil
Cocos nucifera
Family: coconut oil
Arecaceae
Significant lipid constituent/s: coconut oil
85% saturated (primarily lauric acid & myristic acid)
Lowest iodine value and highest saponification value among common fixed oils
COCONUT OIL
T or F: coconut oil has highest IV and lowest SV among common fixed oils
False - Lowest IV and highest SV
Semisold at 20 deg. Celsius
COCONUT OIL
COCONUT OIL: Semisold at __ deg. Celsius
20
Coconut oil: __ at 20C
semisolid
Easily absorbed from the GIT, which makes it of dietary value to patients with fat absorption problems
Coconut oil
Coconut oil: Easily absorbed from the GIT, which makes it of __ value to patients with __ problems
dietary, fat absorption
Short (6-8) and medium (10-14) chain fatty acids are used when conventional fats are not digested
COCONUT OIL
COCONUT OIL: __ and __ chain fatty acids are used when __ fats are not digested
Short (6-8) and medium (10-14) chain, conventional fats
Uses - coconut oil (3)
weight loss, ease digestion, boosts metabolism
Contains 82% saturated fat (not good fat)
Coconut oil
Sci name - CHAULMOOGRA OIL
Hydnocarpus wightiana
Family - CHAULMOOGRA OIL
Achariaceae
Cons - CHAULMOOGRA OIL (4)
hydnocarpic acid, chaulmoogric acid, gorlic and other acids
Strongly bactericidal towards leprosy micrococcus
CHAULMOOGRA OIL
CHAULMOOGRA OIL: Strongly bactericidal towards __
leprosy micrococcus
T or F: CHAULMOOGRA OIL is Strongly bacteriostatic towards leprosy micrococcus
F - bacteriostatic
Replaced by ethyl esters and salts of hydnocarpic and chaulmoogric acid
CHAULMOOGRA OIL
CHAULMOOGRA OIL: Replaced by ethyl esters and salts of __ and __ acid
hydnocarpic and chaulmoogric acid
Sci name - Persic oil (2)
Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus persica (peach)
Lipid constituent/s: persic oil
Oleic
Uses - persic oil (2)
Vehicle and pharmaceutic necessity
Sci name - sunflower oil
Helianthus annuus
Fam - sunflower oil
Asteraceae
Lipid constituent/s: sunflower oil (3)
Linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids
Uses: sunflower oil (2)
Alternative to corn and safflower oils for culinary purposes
Rapeseed aka ?
Canola
sci name- RAPESEED/ CANOLA (2)
Brassica napus and B. campestris
fam - RAPESEED/ CANOLA
Brassicaceae
Lipid constituent/s: RAPESEED/ CANOLA (3)
Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids
Use: RAPESEED/ CANOLA
Used for cooking
All cons: RAPESEED/ CANOLA
Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids, erucic acid
Cons of rapeseed/canola, significant intake of which increases cardiovascular risk
erucic acid
Cons of rapeseed/canola: significant intake of erucic acid increases __
cardiovascular risk
Cons of rapeseed/canola: limit of erucic acid in oil
2.0%
Sci name - saw palmetto
Serrenoa repens
Family - saw palmetto
Arecaceae
Lipid constituent/s: saw palmetto
Lauric
Other metabolite cons - saw palmetto (2)
flavonoids and phytosterols
All cons - saw palmetto (3)
Lauric, Also contains flavonoids and phytosterols
Can inhibit 5α-reductase
saw palmetto
Saw palmetto can inhibit this enzyme and hence can treat __ and __
5α-reductase
benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenetic alopecia
Saw palmetto can inhibit this enzyme, preventing the conversion of __ to __
5α-reductase
Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone
Used for BPH (comparable activity to saw palmetto)
Pygeum bark
Sci name - Pygeum bark
Prunus africana
Pygeum bark has __ fatty acids
C12-C24 fatty acids
Pygeum bark is used for __ hence having comparable activity to __
BPH, saw palmetto
Triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acids from different plant sources
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL; __ of __ and __ acids from different plant sources
Triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acids
Melts between 61 and 66 deg. Celsius to give a pale, yellow liquid
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL: Melts between __ and __ deg. Celsius to give a __
61 and 66 deg. Celsius to give a pale, yellow liquid
Test for animal oil adulterants in hydrogenated vegetable oil
Serger test
Serger test is a test for __ in __
animal oil adulterants, hydrogenated vegetable oil
+ Result that indicates the presence of animal oil adulterants in HVO
blue or yellow color
Use: HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL (2)
Used as tablet lubricant
Abundant in packaged food products
(chips, chocolates, etc.)
Abundant in packaged food products (chips, chocolates, etc.)
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL
This potentially contains __ (by- products of the hydrogenation process)
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL, trans fats
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL potentially contains trans-fats (by-products of the __ process)
hydrogenation
