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Rad 102-1 > fixed equipment > Flashcards

fixed equipment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 components of Radiographic equipment?

A

control panel, transformer, X-ray tube, Tube Stand, X ray table, upright cassette holder, Bucky system

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2
Q

What does Control panel has on it?

A

It has basic control panel to power up unit and manipulate strength of x ray beam, but on there, it includes: on/off switch, kVp selector, mA selector, Timer, Exposure switch

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3
Q

what type of transformer is it?

A

step up

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4
Q

What is the fxn of tube stand?

A

it suspends the tube over the patient, allows free movement of the tube, it comes in both floor mounted or ceiling

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5
Q

What is so special about some X ray table?

A

it can be angled 30 degrees head down or fully upright to 90 degrees

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6
Q

what is upright cassette holder also known as?

A

upright bucky

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7
Q

Describe some special features of Bucky System.

A

it has a mechanism that moves the grid back and forward during the exposure to reduce scatter

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8
Q

what is technique chart used for?

A

it has some basic technique to help guide radiographers in determining proper exposure according to the part to be radiographed and size

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9
Q

what is calipers used for?

A

measuring part thickness, from entry to exit of the CR

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10
Q

what does the CR cassette used to hold?

A

Image Receptor, white paper

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11
Q

how are X ray machines identified?

A

Energy of ray produced, purpose of the x ray machine

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12
Q

What is the maximum voltage range and tube current for x ray machine?

A

25-150 kVp, 100-1200 mA

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13
Q

Every X ray machines, regardless of who made it, has three principle parts…

A

Control/operating panel, X-ray tube, high voltage generator

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14
Q

Where is the actual enveloped tube positioned in the X ray machine?

A

in a part that is inaccessible of the protective housing. guards against excessive radiation exposure and electric shock

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15
Q

High voltage is able to be produced by the generator, describe a little bit of how this works.

A

it converts low voltage supplied at the autotransformer to the kVp necessary for X-ray production

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16
Q

What is special about tomographic unit?

A

it has tubes that move in an arc during exposure, like CT

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17
Q

MRI, computerized sectional images using ___ and ___ frequencies

A

magnetism, radio

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18
Q

What are the 3 principals of radiation control???

A

time, distance, and shielding

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19
Q

what is ‘Time’ under 3 principals of radiation control?

A

dont spend time near the vicinity of the radiation source while it is in operation

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20
Q

what is ‘Distance’ under 3 principals of radiation control?

A

increase distance between the rad source and the person to be protected

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21
Q

what is ‘shielding’ in the 3 principals of radiation control?

A

utilize a material that will attenuate the radiation from the source

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22
Q

what is rule 1 of 10 commandments?

A

understand and apply radiation control

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23
Q

what is rule 2 of 10 commandments?

A

Do not allow familiarity to result in false security

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24
Q

what is rule 3 of 10 commndments?

A

Never stand in the primary beam

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25
what is rule 4 of 10 commandments?
Wear protective apparel if not behind a barrier
26
what is rule 5 of 10 cmmndmnts? (important)
wear occupational rad monitor and position it outside the protective apron at the collar
27
what is rule 6 of 10 cmmndmnts?
never hold a patient during rad exam. use restraining device.
28
what is rule 7 of 10 cmmndments?
person holding patient must wear protective shield
29
what is rule 8 of 10 cmmndments?
use gonadal shield on all ppl of child bearing age as long as it doesnt interfere with exam
30
what is rule 9 of 10 cmmdnments?
avoid x raying pelvis and lower ab of preg patient, especially during first trimester
31
what is rule 10 of 10?
collimate to the smallest field size
32
what do radiographers use to limit amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor?
Beam restriction devices
33
what are the 3 purposes of beam restriction?
Limit pt exposure, reduce scatter produced in pt, improvement of image quality
34
what are the factors that increase the production of scatter radiation?
High kVp and volume of tissue being irradiated
35
how does high kVp contributes to the increase in production of scatter radiation?
The total photons that undergo interaction may decreases, but the percentage of x rays that undergo compton interactions increases.
36
why are thick body parts contributing to the increase of scatter radiation?
volume of irradiated tissue goes up, so does the scatter produced, volume increases as field size increases, pt size increases
37
when you decrease the x ray beam field...
you decrease scatter radiation production, patient dose, and increase contrast.
38
what is a device that is a flat sheet of metal, usually lead, with a hole cut in center and attached to x-ray tube port?
Aperture diaphragm
39
what is the most commonly employed beam restrictor?
collimator
40
what are some features of collimator?
permits infinite number of field sizes, aid in properly placing tube and CR
41
In beam restriction, what is filtration?
it is a process of getting rid of low energy x ray photons, by using absorbing material into primary beam
42
what is the purpose of filtrating beams?
to get rid of low energy x ray that would not carry any useful information
43
what is considered the standard filtering material and is also used as standard of equivalency?
aluminum, (Al/Eq)
44
what happens with filtration increases?
beam quality goes up and beam quantity goes down
45
what is inherent filtration?
filtration that is made by composition of tube and housing unit
46
general purpose x ray tube uses ___ Al equivalent.
0.5mm
47
what is the purpose of compensating filtration?
to even out areas with different tissue densitites.
48
what is wedge filter (compensating filter) used?
in body parts that varies considerably, like the foot
49
when is trough filter used? (what is another name for this?)
bilateral wedge filter, used mainly for chest radiography
50
when is bow-tie-shaped filters used?
in CT scanner to compensate for shape of head or body
51
When you increase filtration, what else should you also increase and why?
technical factors, to maintain the same image reception exposure.
52
when kVp is used to compensate for filtration, the ESE will be reduced, but when the mAs is used to compensate...
the result is an increased in entrance skin exposure.
53
how would you describe Automatic Exposure Control?
it is a device that automatically terminates the exposure when it senses that it has reached the measured quantity of radiation. (it has a set quantity of radiation it can receives, turns off when it gets there)
54
what does AEC eliminate?
the need for radiographer to set exposure time
55
the ____ _____ has a grid, moves back and forward to reduce scatter. found on radiographic ____and most upright holdera
bucky mechanism, table
56
what are some additional equipment you might find in the x ray room?
Technique chart, calipers, protractor, CR cassettes, sand bag, and letter markers
57
what is the most common material used as X ray filter?
Aluminum
58
what is the standard measurement unit for radiation filter?
Al/Eq
59
what must you do when you increase filtration?
you must increase technical factor to maintain the same image reception exposure.
60
What are the two types of AEC(s)?
Phototimer and Ionization Chamber
61
How does phototimer stop the exposure?
it has a Capacitor which has a preset value of how much exposure it can reach. When reaching its limit, capacitor discharges triggering thyratron
62
What is a thyratron?
it is a part of phototimer, when triggered, it opens the relay and terminate the exposure
63
what does X ray has to pass through to reach phototimer?
through the pt, tabletop, and cassette
64
what does x ray has to pass through to reach ionization chamber?
through the pt, tabletop IR is placed under ion chamber
65
what is the critical element about ionization chambers?
where it is exactly positioned, they can differ between models and manufacturers.
66
Nearly all AEC(s) have this function
Backup timer
67
backup times cannot exceed the tube limit and should be set at ____ or _____ of the anticipated manual exposure mAs
150% or 1.5 times
68
what does the US public law 90-062 require?
that if the AEC fails to stop the exposure, there is a secondary circuit
69
The secondary safety circuit has to terminates at ____ mAs for exposures over __ kVp and 2,000 mAs for exposure below ___ kVp
600 mAs, over 50kVp and 2,000 mAs under 50 kVp
70
On AEC control panel kVp ...
is selected according to the specific anatomical part that is being examined
71
On AEC control panel mA...
AEC compensates for increase/decrease in mA.
72
Generators of mobile unit has a capacitor which ....
discharge and battery-powered units are the most common. produces a constant potential output.
73
the battery powered units produce output that is essentially....
3 phase
74
what are the 3 locations mobile radiography may be done?
ER, OR/surgery, Bedside
75
what are the 2 major cat of mobile equipment?
Mobile Light Duty units and Full powered institutional units
76
which mobile equipment requires plug in
mobile light duty
77
in battery operated x ray machines, the utilize what type of battery?
10-16 rechargeable sealed, lead-acid 12 volt batteries
78
which mode of fluroscopic machine reduces exposure?
pulse mode
79
this technique has an initial image used as a filter for the next fluroscopic imagnes
digital subtraction
80
this technique remove stationary structures from image and keeps only the moving parts
digital subtraction
81
Why is vertical AP projection CR not recommended?
produces significant increase in exposure, up to 100 times higher dose to the eyes
82
federal law requires a ____ timer for radiation protection of fluroscopy
5 minutes that can be reset as many time as needed to complete procedure
83
when is fluroscopy mostly used?
during observation of dynamic body function. Such as swalling and peristaltic motion.
84
what is the tube-table distance, according to national committee on radiation protection and measurement?
12 inches
85
what is a complex electronic device that receives image-forming x ray and turns it into visible light image of high intensity?
Image-intensifer tube
86
in Phtocathode, light emitted is _____ to incident ray
proportional
87
in photocathode, electrons emitted are ____ proportional to intensity of the light falling on it
directly
88
What is the fxn of electrostatic focusing lenses?
channels the electron beam, in addition to the positively charged anode, brings the beam to the output phosphor with high kinetic energy
89
where does the high energy electrons interaction occur?
output phosphor.
90
what is the ability of the image intensifier to increase illumination level?
Brightness gain
91
the ratio of illumination intensity at output phosphor is measured in _____ / meter
candela
92
what is minification?
compression of electrons from large input screen to smaller output screen
93
in fluoroscopic viewing systems, what are the video viewing systems components?
charged-coupled device, video camera tube, and video monitor
94
What are the 4 components of phototimer?
fluorescent screen, photomultiplier tube, capacitor, and thyratron
95
what does the fluorescent screen do?
absorbs x-rays and produces light photon
96
what does the photomultiplier tube do?
produces electrons from the light photons received from the fluorescent screen.

Rad 102-1 (1 decks)

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