fisiologia respiratoria

Question 1

What is the most common risk factor for the development of COPD?

Answer 1

Cigarette smoking

Question 2

How is COPD diagnosed?

Answer 2

By measuring the FEV1/FVC ratio using spirometry

Question 3

Which type of inflammation is most common in asthma?

Answer 3

T2-type inflammation

Question 4

What is the role of oxidative stress in COPD?

Answer 4

It contributes to lung injury and inflammation

Question 5

Which cells are predominantly found in the inflammatory infiltrate of asthma?

Answer 5

Eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages

Question 6

Are listed as a pathological feature of COPD

Answer 6

Obstructive bronchiolitis
Emphysema
Mucus hypersecretion

Question 7

What are the features of the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?

Answer 7

Activation of airway epithelial cells.
Mucus secretion.
Increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.

Question 8

How is airflow limitation defined in the context of COPD?

Answer 8

FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0.7

Question 9

During a normal quiet breathing cycle, the process of expiration is mainly a result of which?

Answer 9

Passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall

Question 10

What role do environmental allergens play in asthma?

Answer 10

Triggering asthma exacerbations

Question 11

Which factors contribute to the development of asthma?

Answer 11

Genetic and environmental factors

Question 12

What is the effect of altitude on oxygen transport in the blood?

Answer 12

Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, leading to reduced hemoglobin saturation

Question 13

What is the role of airway epithelial cells in asthma?

Answer 13

Initiating T2-type immune responses

Question 14

An FEV1/FVC ratio less than 70% typically indicates:

Answer 14

Obstructive lung disease

Question 15

What leads to the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?

Answer 15

Chronic inhalation of irritants like cigarette smoke and air pollutants

Question 16

How does airway remodeling affect asthma?

Answer 16

Contributes to the chronicity and severity of asthma.

Question 17

The intervention likely to improve FEV1 in a patient with reversible obstructive lung disease is:

Answer 17

Administration of a short-acting beta-agonist inhaler.

Question 18

An increase in respiratory rate is typically triggered by:

Answer 18

Decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2)

Question 19

Which cytokines are involved in epithelial damage and repair in asthma?

Answer 19

IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13

Question 20

What is the primary trigger for acute exacerbations in COPD?

Answer 20

Respiratory viral infections

Question 21

Which are the main pathological features of COPD?

Answer 21

Obstructive bronchiolitis, emphysema, and mucus hypersecretion

Question 22

What is asthma characterized by?

Answer 22

Chronic airway inflammation and variable remodeling

Question 23

What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

Answer 23

To decrease the surface tension within alveoli, making it easier for them to expand during inspiration.

Question 24

Which cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma?

Answer 24

IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP

Question 25

What does FEV1 primarily measure in a pulmonary function test?

Answer 25

The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in the first second of a breath