fisiologia respiratoria Flashcards
What is the most common risk factor for the development of COPD?
Cigarette smoking
How is COPD diagnosed?
By measuring the FEV1/FVC ratio using spirometry
Which type of inflammation is most common in asthma?
T2-type inflammation
What is the role of oxidative stress in COPD?
It contributes to lung injury and inflammation
Which cells are predominantly found in the inflammatory infiltrate of asthma?
Eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
Are listed as a pathological feature of COPD
Obstructive bronchiolitis
Emphysema
Mucus hypersecretion
What are the features of the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?
Activation of airway epithelial cells.
Mucus secretion.
Increased numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.
How is airflow limitation defined in the context of COPD?
FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0.7
During a normal quiet breathing cycle, the process of expiration is mainly a result of which?
Passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall
What role do environmental allergens play in asthma?
Triggering asthma exacerbations
Which factors contribute to the development of asthma?
Genetic and environmental factors
What is the effect of altitude on oxygen transport in the blood?
Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, leading to reduced hemoglobin saturation
What is the role of airway epithelial cells in asthma?
Initiating T2-type immune responses
An FEV1/FVC ratio less than 70% typically indicates:
Obstructive lung disease
What leads to the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?
Chronic inhalation of irritants like cigarette smoke and air pollutants
How does airway remodeling affect asthma?
Contributes to the chronicity and severity of asthma.
The intervention likely to improve FEV1 in a patient with reversible obstructive lung disease is:
Administration of a short-acting beta-agonist inhaler.
An increase in respiratory rate is typically triggered by:
Decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2)
Which cytokines are involved in epithelial damage and repair in asthma?
IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13
What is the primary trigger for acute exacerbations in COPD?
Respiratory viral infections
Which are the main pathological features of COPD?
Obstructive bronchiolitis, emphysema, and mucus hypersecretion
What is asthma characterized by?
Chronic airway inflammation and variable remodeling
What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?
To decrease the surface tension within alveoli, making it easier for them to expand during inspiration.
Which cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma?
IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP
