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Zool 224 lab > Fishies > Flashcards

Fishies Flashcards

1
Q

what are the bilaterally paired anterior fins, typically located just behind the gill pouches
or operculum?

A

Pectoral fins

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2
Q

what are the bilaterally paired posterior fins, typically located in the posterior half of the body
along the ventral (lower) margin

A

Pelvic fins

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3
Q

what are the usually one or two fins located medially (along the midline) along the dorsal
(upper) margin of the body.

A

Dorsal fin(s)

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4
Q

what Present in some groups, the adipose fin is a small fleshy lobe located behind the
dorsal fin and anterior to the caudal fin

A

Adipose fin

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5
Q

a single median fin located on the ventral (lower) margin of the body named for its
proximity to the anal pore

A

Anal fin

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6
Q

a single median fin located at the posterior end of the vertebral column. Commonly
called the tail fin

A

Caudal fin

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7
Q

cylindrical or oval in cross section and tapered at both ends. Typical of fast moving
fishes in open water

A

terete

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8
Q

laterally (side to side) flattened shapes that are tall and narrow. Typical of slower moving fish that inhabit highly structured habitats like coral reefs or weed beds

A

compressed

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9
Q

dorso-ventrally (top to bottom) flattened shapes that are short and wide. Typical of
bottom dwelling or sedentary species

A

depressed

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10
Q

named for the genus Anguilla (eels) this type of swimming involves alternating contractions of longitudinal muscles along most of the length of the body. The resulting lateral undulations move from the head to tail, applying posterior and lateral force on the surrounding water, propelling the fish forward. Typical of long, thin fish that move relatively slowly.

A

Anguilliform

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11
Q

the lateral undulations are restricted to the posterior half of the body. Typical ofterete shaped fish with faster movement.

A

Carangiform

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12
Q

undulations are restricted to the caudal peduncle and fin due to an inflexible body. Limited to fishes with an extremely rigid body

A

Ostraciiform

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13
Q

movement through flapping motion of the pectoral fins. Typical of wrasses and other fish who rely on a lot of vertical movement in complex three-dimensional habitats like coral reefs.

A

Labriform

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14
Q

coordinated undulations of the dorsal and anal fins create forward and backward movement. Typical of triggerfish and others that rely on anterior-posterior movements in complex three-dimensional environments like coral reefs.

A

Balistiform

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15
Q

most fish maintain vertical
position in the water column passively through the regulation of a ______ organ

A

Buoyancy

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16
Q

gas filled ______ ______ of actinopterygians

A

Swim bladder

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17
Q

fish deal with ___ because density of water is greater than that of air

A

Drag

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18
Q

the friction created between the surface of the fish’s body and the water
surrounding it

A

viscous drag

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19
Q

pressure differences created by the displacement of water as a fish
moves

A

inertial drag

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20
Q

evolutionary trend in the
jaw mechanics of Actinopterygian (ray-finned) fishes

A

jaw protrusion

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21
Q

Carp and Perch skulls – more advanced actinopterygians develop varying degrees of increased
jaw mobility

A

premaxilla and maxilla

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22
Q
A

dentary

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23
Q

the mouth is located at the anterior tip of the fishes head. ______ mouth
are typical of fishes that move throughout the water column in search of food

A

terminal mouth

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24
Q

the mouth is located on the upper surface of the head. ______ mouths are
seen in fishes that specialize in swimming just below and take food from the water surface.

A

superior mouth

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25
Q

the mouth is located on the underside of the head. ______ mouths are typical
of bottom dwelling fish that either search the sediment for food (rays, sturgeon) or graze on food growing on the substrate (sucker, plecostomus).

A

inferior mouth

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26
Q

recurved, sharp and conical teeth arranged in rows. ________ teeth are found in predatory fishes and are used to pierce and hold prey.

A

Caniniform

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27
Q

mall needle-like teeth arranged in patches as opposed to rows. Typical of predatory fish, ________ teeth are used to provide added grip in specific areas of the mouth.

A

Villiform

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28
Q

even smaller than villiform teeth, forming sandpaper like patches. Also seen in
predatory fishes, cardiform teeth are too small to pierce but likely increase grip

A

Cardiform

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29
Q

Flat blade-like teeth arranged in rows. Triangular teeth are used for slicing tissue

A

triangular

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30
Q

teeth with flattened or globular surfaces. Molariform teeth are typical of fishes
that crush hard shelled animals like clams or snails

A

molariform

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31
Q

– teeth fused into incisor-like shapes sometimes forming a beak-like structure.
Coalesced teeth are usually found in fish which scrape food from hard surfaces

A

coaleced

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32
Q

different forms of teeth (pointed or molariform) form on the muscular gill
arch and are used in processing food.

A

pharyngeal teeth

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33
Q

projections on the inside of gill arches aid some fish in filter feeding or prevent
passage of food particles through gill slits

A

gill rakers

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34
Q

the ______ covering of most fishes provides a protective barrier against abrasion or
predation. dermally derived and usually include bone, dentine and
enamel

A

scales

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35
Q

sharks scales

A

placoid

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36
Q

gars scales

A

ganoid

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37
Q

most osteichthyans

A

cycloid and ctenoid

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38
Q

Armor-like enlarged scales overlap considerably (catfish) or form thick closely packed
plates (trunkfish)

A

plates

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39
Q

elongate scales projecting outward from the body (Spiny puffer, Sculpin, Plecostomus)

A

spines

40
Q

Poisonous fishes (often aposematic in colour), have toxins in their flesh capable of
killing predators that bite or eat them (Puffer).

A

poison

41
Q

Some fish employ projecting fin spines to delivery toxins into predators (Stonecat)

A

venom

42
Q

can be used like colouration to obscure the silhouette or startle attackers.
Bioluminescence is also used in some species for communication and for luring prey.

A

bioluminescence

43
Q

Fishes of the family Sciaenidae (known as drums or croakers) create drumming
sounds by beating abdominal muscles against their large swim bladders. This mode of sound
production is more common in males and is usually associated with breeding

A

drumming

44
Q

– Sometimes caused by the grinding of pharyngeal teeth, but more commonly as
the result of contact between specialized bony processes at the base of the pectoral fin,
stridulation is usually used as a distress signal or as part of a territorial display

A

stridulation

45
Q

– Found in members of the Superorder Ostariophysi – a Taxon you will observe
next week. Also known as ‘fear scents’, Schreckstoff is released from the fish’s flesh when
damaged. This in turn, warns conspecifics nearby that they should be on the ‘lookout’ for
potential danger.

A

schreckstoff

46
Q

Many fish species are capable of generating weak electrical signals used for
navigation and communication among conspecifics (members of the same species). More
common are the examples of electrogenic fish which produce strong electric pulses in order to
stun prey or possible predators. Note the variety of electric fishes provided.

A

electrogenesis

47
Q

makes a fish’s body, or part thereof, less visible to
predators or prey.

A

cryptic colouration

48
Q

wavelengths in the red region of the light spectrum are the
first to be filtered out as light passes through water. Nocturnal fishes or fishes
that live at moderate depths are often coloured red and are thus concealed as
red light doesn’t reach them.

A

red colouration

49
Q

camouflaged fishes have pigmentation that matches well with
their habitual environment so they blend in. Common in bottom dwelling
species, camouflage is found in both predators and prey. Many freshwater
fishes have Par marks (vertical bands) that blend well with aquatic plants
(especially common in juveniles).

A

camoflage

50
Q

describing a colouration where the dorsal surface is dark and
the ventral surface is light. Countershading is very common in open water fishes
and serves to allow them to blend in with a uniform background when viewed
from above (surrounded by dark deep water) or below (surrounded by light
coming from surface)

A

countershading

51
Q

disruptive colouration may make individuals stand out
against a neutral background, but helps to conceal individuals within large
groups or deflect a predator’s attention toward less vital parts of the body.
Many schooling fishes are striped, blending into one another, while others may
bear lines that obscure the eye or fake ‘eyespots’.

A

disruptive colouration

52
Q

Warning or bright colouration is common to fishes with toxins in their
bodies. Would-be predators avoid specific patterns or colours associated with poisonous
species.

A

aposematic colouration

53
Q

– Fishes that display colours related to sex or breeding status. Many fish
species display Sexual dimorphism (males and females coloured differently).

A

Social colouration

54
Q

A plesiomorphic trait of all extant jawed fishes, the lateral line is a system
of canals in the skin, housing cells that sense changes in water pressure, movement and
vibration.

A

lateral line system

55
Q

Possibly present in other groups, ampullae of Lorenzini are most
abundant and obvious in chondrichthyan fishes. The ampullae are conspicuous pores distributed
about the head region that house electro-sensory cells. Sharks and rays use these pores to
detect electrical signals produced by muscle activity of other fishes, allowing them to locate
cryptically coloured or buried prey.

A

ampullae of lorenzi

56
Q

Found only in members of the Superorder Ostariophysi, Webberian
ossicles are small bones modified from anterior vertebral processes which form a connection
between the swim bladder and the canals of the inner ear, thus enhancing the sense of hearing.

A

webberian ossicles

57
Q

Barbels are sensory, whisker-like appendages located near the mouth on many species
of fish. The fact this character appears scattered throughout the fish family tree, suggests that it
may have evolved separately several times, or that it may be a primitive feature which has been
repeatedly lost.

A

Barbels

58
Q

Hagfishes (~75 species)
Hagfish are scaleless eel-shaped fish lacking jaws and paired
fins. They are exclusively marine (salt water) and typically
scavenge on carrion. Hagfish are able to produce copious
amounts of slime in response to potential predators making
them difficult to hold onto and sometimes causing the predator
to choke on the slime.
Look for – long slender body – no scales visible – no jaws – small
eyes covered with skin - sensory barbels (fleshy projections)
around mouth

A

Myxiniformes

59
Q
A

Petromyzontiformes

60
Q
A

Chondrichthyes

61
Q
A

Holocephali

62
Q
A

Elasmobranchii

63
Q
A

Sarcopterygii

64
Q
A

Osteichthyes

65
Q
A

Actinopterygii

66
Q
A

Polypteriformes

67
Q
A

Acipenseriformes

68
Q
A

Lepisosteiformes

69
Q
A

Amiiformes

70
Q
A

Osteoglossiformes

71
Q
A

Anguilliformes

72
Q
A

Clupeiformes

73
Q
A

Ostariophysi

74
Q
A

Cypriniformes

75
Q
A

Characiformes

76
Q
A

Siluriformes

77
Q
A

Gymnotiformes

78
Q
A

Esociformes

79
Q
A

Salmoniformes

80
Q
A

Anadromous

81
Q
A

Salmo trutta – Brown trout

82
Q
A

Oncorhynchus mykiss – Rainbow trout

83
Q
A

Salvelinus confluentus – Bull trout

84
Q
A

Salvelinus fontinalis – Brook trout

85
Q
A

Prosopium williamsoni – Mountain whitefish

86
Q
A

Coregonus clupeaformis – Lake whitefish

87
Q
A

Percopsiformes

88
Q
A

Gadiformes

89
Q
A

Gasterosteiformes

90
Q
A

Sygnathiformes

91
Q
A

Scorpaeniformes

92
Q
A

Perciformes

93
Q
A

Pleuronectiformes

94
Q
A

Tetraodontiformes

95
Q
A

Actinistia

96
Q
A

Dipnoi

Zool 224 lab (1 decks)

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