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Fish Ecology > Fish Lab Exam > Flashcards

Fish Lab Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Function of fins

a) Caudle
b) Anal
c) Pelvic
d) Pectoral
e) Dorsal

A

a) Caudle: Thrust to project fish through water
b) Anal: Prevent roll
c) Pelvic: Prevent pitch
d) Pectoral: Prevent pitch and yaw
e) Dorsal: Prevent roll

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2
Q

Heterocercal

A

Caudle fin with top lobe longer than bottom (ex. sharks and sturgeon)
Hetero: not the same

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3
Q

Homocercal

A

Caudle fin with both lobes being the same length (ex. trout and bass
Homo: the same

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4
Q

Diphycercal

A

Spear shaped caudle fin (ex. eel)

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5
Q

Lunate

A

Crescent moon shaped tail (ex. tuna)

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6
Q

Fusiform

A

Fish with bullet shape (ex. tuna), made for speed, open water fishes, circular cross section

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7
Q

Compressed

A

Fish with flattened shape from side to side (ex. tropical fish)
Large eyes, do not always move, but move very fast when need be

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8
Q

Depressed

A

Fish with flattened shape from top to bottom (ex. flounder)

Bottom dwellers

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9
Q

Eel-like

A

Circular cross section, lack pelvic fins

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10
Q

Ribbon-like

A

Compressed laterally (ex. prickleback)

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11
Q

Arrow-like

A

Long fragile beak, arrow like body (ex. pike, needlefish)

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12
Q

Lower jaw

A

Lingual teeth (tongue)
Mandibular (mandible)
Basibranchial (center)
Gill arches

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13
Q

Upper jaw

A 
Premaxillary (in front of maxillary)
Maxillary (after premaxillary)
Vomer head (center bone, tip)
Vomer (center bone attached to head)
Palatine (diagonally branch off vomer bone)
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14
Q

Ganoid scales

A

Small blocks (ex. sturgeon)

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15
Q

Placoid scales

A

Pointed “triangles” (ex. sharks)

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16
Q

Cycloid scales

A

Most rounded (ex. salmon)

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17
Q

Ctenoid scales

A

Rounded squares (ex. bass)

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18
Q

Swim bladder

A

Maintain position in water column (buoyancy)

Sound reception and generation

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19
Q

Lateral line

A

Sensory organ

  • avoid collision,
  • orientate themselves in water column with currents
  • predation
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20
Q

Lateral line neuromast parts, top to bottom

A

Capula, sensory hairs, sensory cells, nerve

21
Q

Heart parts, bottom to top

A

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus arteriosus

Heart is a single loop circulation; heart->gills->body->gills

22
Q

Efficiencies of gills (5 points)

A
  1. Large surface area for gas exchange
  2. Short travel distance for oxygen, resulting in increased rate of oxygen entering bloodstream
  3. Counter current circulation in gills
  4. Little physiological deadspace
  5. Continuous flow of water over gills in one direction. Does not energy!
23
Q

Stomach functions

A
  • Produces hydrochloric acid for breakdown of food
  • Produces enzyme pepsin
  • Pyloric ceca at end of stomach allows for food to enter duodenum
24
Q

Intestine parts and functions

A

Duodenum: main area for absorption of nutrients
Small intestine: More absorption
Large intestine: Absorption and produces waste materials for excretion

25
Q

Herbivores digestive tract

A

Long and wiggly as plant material is harder to digest

26
Q

Carnivores digestive tract

A

Shorter as animal tissue is much easier to digest

27
Q

Sharks digestive tract

A

Spiral valve for extremely short and efficient digestive tract

28
Q

Liver

A

Emulsifies fats, detoxifies

29
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile, produces bilirubin and biliverdin

30
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifies fats

Acts as pH balancer

31
Q

Spleen

A

Makes new red blood cells

Destroys old red blood cells

32
Q

Kidney

A

Removes wastes and water

33
Q

Eyes

A

Nictitating membrane which acts as an eyelid

Refractive index changes from outside to inside the fishes eye

34
Q

Total length

A

Tip of nose to tip of tail

35
Q

Fork length

A

Tip of nose to fork in tail

36
Q

Standard length

A

Tip of nose to hypural plate

37
Q

Post orbital hypural length POHL

A

Behind eye to hypural plate

38
Q

Girth

A

Area of largest diameter

39
Q

Head length

A

Tip of nose to gill end of plate

40
Q

Snout length

A

Diagonal line, snout to eyeball

41
Q

Jaw length

A

Diagonal line, bottom tip to the end of the mandible

42
Q

Internal ear structures

A

Pars superior:

  • Semicircular canals
  • Utriculus and lapillus within structure

Pars inferior:

  • Lagena and astericus within (small structure)
  • Saccules and Sagitta within (large structure)
43
Q

Types of mouths

A

Supraterminal: orientated upwards - underbite (freshwater hatchetfishes)
Terminal: middle of head, pointed forward (salmon, cod, trout, bluefishes)
Subterminal: mouth turned downwards (suckers)

44
Q

Caniiform teeth

A

Sharp and pointed teeth, like dogs (salmon)

45
Q

Cardiiform teeth

A

Small velcro like bristly teeth (

46
Q

Pharyngeal teeth

A

Teeth at the back of the throat (suckers)

47
Q

Fused incisors or molars

A

For crushing and grinding

48
Q

How many fish species are on Earth?

49
Q

What is a species and who came up with this definition?

A

Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are isolated from other such groups.
Ernst Mayr 1996

Fish Ecology (7 decks)

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