Fish hygiene Flashcards
found here: https://quizlet.com/einavstern
1.) Notifiable diseases
Infectious salmon anemia (I), viral hemorrhagic septicaemia (II), infectious hemopoietic necrosis (II), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (III), spring viremia,
Bacteria- bacterial kidney disease
parasites: gyrodactylus salaris (III)
2.) Algaw bloom
depend on: sunshine, temp., trophity. daytime: o2 overproduktion and toxin prod.. nighttime: o2 depletion, toxin and CO2 prod. death of algae mass- H2S intoxication
3.) NH3
0,2-0,5 mg/l Toxic, toxicosis, NH3-NH4 ratio is pH dependent . H2S: 0,5-4 mg/l toxic, prod by death of algae mass
4.) spring viremia differential diagnosis
Rhabdovirus, “droopsy”, notifiable disease (III) Infect larp, high temp. from 15 ° CSigns: general edema. bleedings
Diagn.
culture. IF, ELISA, PCR. Differentiate from: hemorrhagic septicaemia, swimmbladder inflammation, larval tapeworm infection, (kidney form of) sanguinicolosis, bothriocephalus
Diseases caused by viruses with notification obligation:
• Rhabdoviridae:
o SCV: spring viremia: carp
o VHS: viral hemorrhagic septicemia salmon+pike
o IHN: infectious hemorrhagic septicemia: trout
• Birnaviridae:
o ISA: infectious salmon anemia: atlantic salmon
o IPN: infectious pancreatic necrosis: salmon + pike
(Non viral:, W notification):
Parasitic (ectoparasite in fish skin) Gyrodactylus salaris
Bacterial: BKD (Bacterial Kidney Disease)
Disease of Trout caused by Myxobolus cerebralis:
disease.
Location: in cartilage of fish.
Affect: fry+ fingerlings. 90% mortality rate.
Signs: scull skeletal deformation “atropia cerebri”, discolouration, uncoordinated swimming (neurological damage).
Pike tapeworm
Trienophorous Nodulosus. 3 hosts: 2 im: cyclop, carpfinal: Pike.
Signs: damage to parenchymal organs Liver.
Prevention: decr stock density.
Treatment: Fumagilin DCH (1%).
Cause of ascites:
“Droopsy”: FurunculosisAeromonas salmonida subspp: salmonida. Ecto parasite temp above 16C.
Signs: external hemorrages on skin and fin, visceral and muscle hemorrages.
Treatment: antibiotics. Ex: amoxicillin.
Prevention: Vaccination, minimize stress, decr overcrowding, improve water flow.
Differential diagnosis: Hemorragia & septicemia of silver carp & bihead. Enteric redmouth of trout (ERM), bacterial kidney disease (BKD).
ae bloom, good and bad
o Good: algae bloom will surface, leading to an incr growth of microrg on water surface. These serve as food for fish and fish growth incr.
o Bad: in case of several bloomings or heavy blooming, as the algae bloom sedimentates the microorg on bottom cant eat it all and the organic material will cause oxygen depletionfish hypoxia and death (as well as microrg(feed) death. In addition the blooming of Blue-green algae: cyanophytes, containing chlorophyll will produce toxins: cyanotoxins, neurotoxins and gastroenteral toxins. These accumulate.
Algae bloom depend on these factors:
Sunshine (UV), temperature (incr), trophity.
o Daytime: a overproduction will occur (sunlight-chlorophyll), as well as toxin prod.
o Nighttime: oxygen depletion and Co2 production. As algae mass die H2S intoxication!
Prevented by: shadowing and antibiotic treatments.
Spring viremia in carps: SVC-differential diagnosis:
Diff diagn: o Hemorrhagic septicemia o Swimbladder inflammation o Larval tapeworm infection o Sanguinicolosis (kidney form) o Bothriocephalus Treatment: vaccination. Prevention: decr crowding, optimize environment, buy from SCV free farms ( good quality).
Ammonium and Hydrogen sulphide, as pathogens:
Fish are sensitive to the concentrations of NH3/H2S they cause toxicosis.
o NH3NH4 ratio is dependent on the water PH. It is toxic at: 0.2-0,5 mg/l. (Note that fish that have problems with their ammonia excretion are even more intolerant.)
o H2S is produced upon breakdown (death) of algae. It is toxic at: 0,5-4 mg/l.
Swim-Bladder inflammation of common carp:
o Cause: Philometroides lusiana.
o Life cycle: live under scales, has intermediate host: copepoda crabs.
o Signs: it’s a 8-10 cm red worm.
o Mortality: high.
o Diagnosis: by meat inspection: with naked eye, PM.
o Treatment: Levamisol, mebendazol.
o Prevention: prevent vertical infection.
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD):
o Cause: Renibacterium salmonarium. (gram +) notifiable!
o Signs: pop eye, bloody blisters on lateral line
o Diagnosis: ELISA, IF.
o Transmission: Horisontal and vertical.
o Treatment: antibiotics.
o Prevention: vaccination, yearly checks and sample testing. good hygiene, reducing stress, quarantine of infected stocks
White spot disease:
o Cause: Ichthyophthirius multifillis. 1-1,5 mm endoparasiteobligate pathogen.
o Signs: White spots on cornea (gills and skin as well!). Gasping and “fast movements. Run/flash”.
o Mortality: 100%!
o Diagnosis: naked eye due to obvious signs=spots.
o Treatment: FCM, Kinin-HCL, Cu. need to kill the parasite when outside the fish, it´s done by raising water temp to speed up development of parasite stages development. Then use Formalin or Malachite green, Copper
o Prevention: decr stress and overcrowding.
Parasitic HIRUDINEA (crabs) and CRUSTACEA spp (leeches/louses) in fresh water fishes.
o CRUSTACEA :parasitic crabs in fish: copepoda crabs.
o HIRUDINEA: Piscicola geometra. Chaetogaster limnaei, Lernaea cyprinacea, Branchiura, Argulus foliaceus.
Swim bladder inflammation in carp.
parasitic crabs in fish: copepoda crabs.
Bacterial kidney disease (BKD):
o Cause: Renibacterium salmonarium. (gram +) notifiable!
o Signs: pop eye, bloody blisters on lateral line
o Diagnosis: ELISA, IF.
o Transmission: Horisontal and vertical.
o Treatment: antibiotics.
o Prevention: vaccination, yearly checks and sample testing. good hygiene, reducing stress, quarantine of infected stocks
Difference btw Gyrodactylus spp and Dactylogyrus spp? (Flukes)
o Gyrodactylus: skin flukes, also on fins, urinary vessels. Host specific, vivparous-alive in mother, non pigm eyes, muscular pharynx. 16 marginal and 2 central hooks.
o Dactylogyrus: GILL flukes, host specific: carp!, oviparous (lay eggs), 4 pigmented eyes, 14 marginal & 2 central hoooks.
Flagellate causing disease in pond fishes+ treatment?./ Which ciliate (flagellate) causes diseases in pond & aquaria fishes?
Cause: Chilodonella piscicolain wintering ponds.
Treatment: FCM, Formaline, NaCl bath, Cupper Oxychlorid
Neon disease
Protozoan:
Nodular coccidosis, cause: Goussia Subepithelialis
Diffuse coccidosis: cause: Goussia carpelli
Helminth (worms)
Tapeworm adult:
Khawia Sinensis
Bothriocephalus acheliognathi
Fish diseases caused by Aeromonas bacteria.
Erythrodermatitis: A. salmonicida subspp: nova: common carp
FurunculosisA. salmonicida subspp: salmonicida in samonids
Herpes viral infection in fish
o DNA virus: Herpesvirus SILURIS. glanis. papillomatosis & hyperplasia of stratum germinativum. In Fry: hemorrhagic septicemia.
o Carp pox: Herpesvirus. Cyprini: in carp and Koi. Occur in winter. Causes skin papillomas. No treatment.
o Cowliflower disease of eel (may belong to herpes family)
Fish diseases caused by RNA/DNA viruses.
RNA: Rhabdoviridae: o SVC: spring viremia in carp o VHS: viral hemorraghic septicemia o IHN: infectious hemopoietic necrosis o PFR: pike fry hemorrhagic septicemia DNA: o Iridoviridae: "lymphocystis virus": causes hypertrophy of fibroblasts. o Herpesviridae: carp pox, herpes siluri o koi-herpes
Difference btw gill-rot and gill necrosis, signs, causes, pathogenesis.
Gill rot: funghal infection.
Cause: Branchiomyces sanguinis, Branchiomyces demigrans. Infect carp.
Signs: circulatory disturbance, hemorrhagic inflammation, deep necrosis, fusion of lamellae in gill.
-acute form; 2-4d, in summer, hemmorhagic inflammation och necrosis. High mortality.
-subacute: 1-2w. early/late summer. Necrosis and 2ndary inf. 10-40% mortality.
-chronic: w-months. Aoring/autumn, reduced immunesystem and appetite. Low mortality, fusion of lamellae.
Pathogenesis: low waterflow, infected fish or equip, birds, predisponing factors or intesdive stocking can lead to this funghal overtake.
Gill necrosis: unknown cause, thought to be due to: pH, NH3, and disturbed NH3 excretion. (water conditions). Infect young carps, (no subacute form)
acute form: 10-15 d. infl/necrosis of gills. 50-60 % mortality.
Chronical: 3-4 months, necrosis, HIGH mortality.
So in root the acute one has high mortality and in necrosis it´s the chronic type that is lethal
Pathogen and Diagostics of Erythrodermatitis in common carp.
Cause: Aeromonas hydrophila subspp: nova infection.
Diagnosis: PCR cell culture)
Prevention: minimizing the stress factors of fish through proper handling, stocking levels, nutrition, transportation, and water quality.
Sanguinicolosis in common carp:
o cause: sanguinicola inermis
o signs: blood parasite, intermediate host: snail: limnacidae. Signs: gill gasping, kidney/general edema.
o diagnosis
o prevention: replace carp with unsuitable spp in tank and eradicate the snails. Cu, salts.
Anguillicolosis of eel:
o Cause: nematode: Anguillicola crassus in swimbladder of eel. It has im. Host: Cyclops vicinus’’ and ‘‘C. albidus’’. Transmission to the definitive host is through the food chain
o Signs: haemorrhagic lesions, fibrosis and collapsed swim bladders as well as inflammatory reactions.
o Pathology: came from japan/asia. larvae live in the tissue of the swimbladder, and adults and pre-adults, which suck the blood of the host, both harmful where they are in host.
o Diagnosis: Pm dead animals.
o Treatment: killing infected.
o Prevention: check before transferring new eels to a tank. Hygiene/ barriers.
Type of lab examinations on water samples/fish samples.
- sample 3 locations: inflow, outflow and middle of pond.
Zonoses infection of pet animals) from water environment= fish pathogens dangerous to animals?
- meta.Cercaria larval fluke is not host specific and can infect dog/cat.
- Metagonimus yokogawai: transmit to HU.
- Anisakis simplex
- Diphyllobotrium latum
- Opistorchis felineus
- Clonorchis sinensis
- cyanophyte toxins
- salmonella
- erysipelas
- heterophytes flukes, opistochis, metagonius,
- ascari worms, capillida,
- nematodes
Physical and chemical properties of water and it´s effect on health in fish
Physical:
o -Temperature: hypotherm, optimal temp, hypertherm.
o -Transperency: optimal trophity of water. (seethrough)
o -Dissolved gasses: partial pressure of gases. The gasses are controlled by: temp, airpressure, salinity, and level over sea. Pathogenic gases are: NH3, H2S, CO2. Oxygen level correlate to temperature as incr temp inc photosynthesis and decr oxygen level (via plants/algae).
o -colour:
chemical:
o -Ph: 5,5-9,0 neutral at 7.
o -buffer capacity
o -salinity/hardness
o -dissolved micro/macro elements, dissolved organic material
o -pollutions
Biological: bacteria, algae, plants, animals.
Genital organs in fish,: spawning and propagation.
Male: prod sperm, female prod eggs, reprod organs are along the swim bladder. Sexual maturity & reprod depends on temp, carp: 15-20 C. external fertilization= spawning, female excr 150 000 eggs/kg bwt. Fertilized outside by male expelled sperm.
Consequence of low and high oxygen concentration in water.
Supersaturation of water lead to air bubble disease, low oxygen lethargy and hypoxia.
Respiration in fish.
-gills, skin (20%), labyrinth organ, intestine: foregut, hinfgut, liver, sack.organ; clarias batracus, lung.
Blood and Circulatory system in fish.
CLOSED blood system,blood volume: 5% of bwt, venous heart, autonomous innervation, heart beats dep on water temp, lymph circulation (4x blood volume!) High coagulability, cells. erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes.
Physical, chemical and biological aspects of water environment:
Gasses dissolved in the water controlled by
-Air pressure correlation - positive
-temperature correlation - negative
-salinity correlation - negative
-H. over the sea level correlation - negative
„pathogenic” gasses: NH3, H2S, CO2
Chemical aspects of water environment: pH -acidity 5.5 - 6.5 -Neutral 7 -alkalinity 8.0 - 9.0 Buffer capacity Salinity and hardness (micro-Siemens) Dissolved macro- and microelements Dissolved organic materials Pollutions
Biological aspects of water environment
Food-chain
-Bacteria: Assimilating (Cyanoiphytes) and dissimilating prokaryotes
-Algae: Photosynthetic eucaryotes
-Water plants: macrovegetation
-Animals in water environment: Plankton (Rotatoria, Cladocera, Copepoda…), Bentos (oligochaeta, larval insekts, Mollusca), Nekton (fishes, amphibian)
Zoonosis
Toxicoses (botulism, toxins of dinoflagellata and Cyanophytes), Diseases caused by bacteria: Erysipelas,
