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Final Exams 2024 > Fish Ecology 3140 > Flashcards

Fish Ecology 3140 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Osteichtheys

A

Bony Fish

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2
Q

Examples of chondrostei & holostei

A

Sturgeon & Bowfin

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3
Q

Anadromous & Catadromous

A

Anadromous: spends early years in fresh water then moves to salt water (salmon)
Catadromous: spawn in salt water and moves to fresh water (eels)

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4
Q

Describe somatic growth

A

indeterminant growth; 2 fish of same species and age but different weights and lengths. Depends on temp., food availability, density dependence, predation pressures.

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5
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

ability to change traits depending on need at the time (long or short term)

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6
Q

Passive sampling (characteristics and examples)

A
  • low effort
  • standardize; catch per unit effort
  • fish can avoid or escape
  • hoop net, trap net, minnow trap
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7
Q

Active sampling (characteristics and examples)

A
  • known volume being sampled
  • short time; more replication
  • more work
  • purse seine, electrofishing, angling, trawl
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8
Q

Mouth size and shape; ventral terminal, terminal, dorsal terminal

A

VT - facing upwards, eats above them
T - middle of head, eats straight on in front of them
DT - bottom or underside of head, eats from bottom

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9
Q

Anguilliform

A

high amplitude undulation; not fast, often bottom fish (eel)

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10
Q

Subcarangiform

A

lower undulation in head, more in body and tail; cruisers (salmon)

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11
Q

Carangiform

A

posterior undulation; open water cruisers (herring)

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12
Q

Thunniform

A

movement in peduncle and tail; open water cruisers (tuna)

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13
Q

Ostraciform

A

caudal fin pivots on peduncle; movement in complex habitats (box fish)

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14
Q

BCF transient (body caudal fin)

A

hang around until they need to move and moves very fast (pike)

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15
Q

BCF periodic (body caudal fin)

A

open water cruising, moving at a more consistent pace (Tuna)

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16
Q

MPF (mediated paired fin)

A

structurally complex habitat (butterfly fish, bluegill)

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17
Q

Rate of O2 diffusion is proportional to __?

A

Rate of O2 diffusion is proportional to the gills surface area (filaments and lamellae)

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18
Q

What do fish do to combat hypoxia?

A

Move vertically in the water column to find more O2

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19
Q

What is species addition vs replacement

A

Addition - the addition of new species downstream to the existing fish assemblage
Replacement - the removal of 1 species then addition of a new species downstream

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20
Q

C = P + R + F + U

A

C = consumption
P = production
R = respiration
F & U = excretion

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21
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

scales with body mass

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22
Q

Relative metabolic rate

A

scales body mass to metabolism

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23
Q

Absolute metabolic rate

A

does not scale to body mass; elephant has higher AMR than mouse simply because it’s bigger

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24
Q

Fry’s 5 classifications of environmental factors on metabolism

A

Lethal
Controlling; temperature
Limiting; oxygen
Masking; salinity
Directive; temp. + O2 + salinity

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25
Oxygen limitation hypothesis
the temp. that optimizes aeobic scope is the same that optimizes fitness; declines in aerobic scope result in decreasing performance and abundance
26
3 biotic factors of prey
- abundance of prey - prey size and behaviour - prey digestability
27
Ivelv's index of Electively
E = (ri - pi) / (ri + pi)
28
Factors that affect prey detectability
turbidity, light intensity, body size, visual contrast, movement
29
optimal foraging theory
natural selection will favour foraging behaviour and strategies that optimize net energy intake
30
Define competition
Interaction between individuals in which one or more experience a net loss of fitness and no net gain
31
Exploitative vs interference competition
Exploitative: individuals interact indirectly as they compete for common resources. EX. PS eating food, making it less available for BG Interference: directly interact with each other for resources. EX. dominant salmon fighting another for a mate
32
Fundamental vs Realized Niche
Fundamental: all possible conditions in which the population can be maintained Realized: actual conditions in which the population is maintained
33
Draw graphs; resource usage patterns when species are in allopatry vs sympatry
Sympatry (2 parabolas barely overlapping) Allopatry (2 parabolas largely overlapping) - if they used different resources all the time, no competition
34
Character displacement vs release
displacement: differentiation that occurs when two allopatric species occur in sympatry (with) release: differentiation within a normally sympatric species when it occurs in allopatry (without)
35
Intra-specific competition - results in... - most intense in...
Results in density dependent growth Most intense in territorial species
36
To minimize intra-specific competition... (niche characteristics)
- specialists that vary in type of food they specialize in (low overlap, small niche) - be a generalist (large overlap, broad niche)
37
Forms of reproduction: Gonochoristic Sequential hermaphrodites Synchronous hermaphrodites Parthenogenic
Gonochoristic: Male/female Sequential: start as 1 sex then change to other (usually when older) Synchronous: both sex organs, take turns being M/F Parthenogenic: making clones
38
Oviparous vs viviparous (ovi-viviparous)
Ovi - egg laying vivi - internal fertilization ovi-vivi - internal fertilization of egg and hatching occurs in parent
39
Pelagic vs demersal spawning
Pelagic: released in open water and grow in water column with current Demsersal: on a substrate, usually guarding occurs
40
What are 3 environmental factors that affect reproduction
- food availability - harsh and variable abiotic environment - predators
41
Alternative reproductive strategies: Jacks, sneakers, satellites
Jacks - males mature and reproduce faster Sneakers - sneak in when mating so the sneakers genetics get passed on Satellites - males morphologically looking like females, fertilize without 'dominant' male knowing
42
What are some secondary sexual characteristics?
Kype in salmon, different colouration, enlarged kidney, hump backs
43
Reproductive behaviour (costs)
- movement or migration to site - site preparation - defense - courtship and mating - parental care
44
GSI
Gonadosomatic index
45
What does GSI not account for?
Multiple / batch spawning
46
What is fecundity?
number of eggs produced (batch or annual)
47
b = 3 b < 3 b > 3
b = 3 - isometric growth (standard) b < 3 - hypoallometric; less weight to length b > 3 - hyperallometric; more weight to length
48
Condition factor K = 10^5 W / L^3
- to compare seasonal and annual changes in populations or individuals
49
Absolute growth Specific growth (equations)
Absolute = deltaW / delta T Specific = deltaW / W delta T
50
Growth equation
G = 100(lnW2 - lnW1) / (t2 - t1)
51
Draw K and L ∞
52
Scope for growth
Cmax - Cmain = Copt
53
3 types of predation
- member of same species (cannibalism) - another fish species - another animal (bird, mammal)
54
what factors affect the odds of predation (3)
- density of prey - density of predators - size of the predators
55
Modelling predation: functional response
changes in number of prey
56
Modelling predation: numerical response
change in predator density
57
Modelling predation: developmental response
change in predator size
58
indirect effects of predation (3)
- habitat restriction with consequent trade-off ability - trade-off between predation risk and food availability - increased growth due to thinning
59
anti-predator mechanisms: primary defense
Primary defenses reduce the change of detection - cryptic colouration - cryptic behaviour - use of refuges
60
anti-predator mechanisms: secondary defense
Secondary defenses reduce the chance of being eaten after detection - anatomical characteristics that make fish harder to swallow (spikey fins) - behavioural defenses (swim, hide)
61
what are two types of home ranges and examples of species that use them
Restricted and defined - sunfish and reef fish Wide ranging and undefined - pike, walleye
62
Causes and function of vertical migration
Causes - following prey - thermoregulation - escape predators Function - feeding - predation - behavioural thermoregulation
63
What are 3 reasons for seasonal movement
- reproduction or change in life stage - migrations (alternate between 2 < habitats) - to avoid areas of poor resource quality
64
"Feeding is rarer among temperate lake fishes compared to tropical fishes" during these 2 temporal patterns
Distinct diurnal and nocturnal
65
List 5 ways to study the movement of fish
- Direct observation - Fishing + mark-recapture - Hydroacoustic survey (sonar) - Experiment in lab - Biotelemetry and biologging (inplant trackers) - Radio telemetry - Fast-lock GPS - Pop-up satellite archival tags - Acoustic telemetry (underwater, triangulation)
66
Go look at lectures 8 & 9 (r,k selection)

Final Exams 2024 (2 decks)

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