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BI2131: Animal Diversity and Adaptation > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

What did gill arches 1 and 2 develop into in gnathostomes?

A

The jaws. Gill arch 1 became the jaws and gill arch 2 moved forward to brace the jaws.

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2
Q

What is the function of unmodified gill arches?

A

To support the gill slits.

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3
Q

How many pairs of gills do bony fish have?

A

Most have 5 pairs but some have fewer.

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4
Q

How many pairs of gills do cartilaginous fish have?

A

5-7 pairs.

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5
Q

How many pairs of gills to jawless fish have?

A

7 pairs.

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6
Q

How did the mouth of suspension feeders change to suit raptorial feeders?

A

The pharynx expanded and the mouth changed to allow closing which prevented food escape.

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7
Q

What are the benefits of toothed jaws?

A

New feeding behaviours.
New food resources.
Environment manipulation.
Improved gill ventilation.

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8
Q

How do jaws increase respiration efficiency?

A

Jaws can be used to buccal pump (pumping using cheeks) water over the gills.

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9
Q

What are the potential benefits of paired appendages?

A

Greater control of body position.
Defence (spines).
Behaviour eg gripping in reproduction.

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10
Q

How has the function of fins changed from primitive to modern fish?

A

Primitive fish use fins for maneuvering and lift. Modern fish use fins solely for maneuvering.

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11
Q

Where are the teeth derived from in sharks?

A

Dermal scales.

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12
Q

What is dentine?

A

Calcified tissue.

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13
Q

What organisms are in the class chondrichthyes?

A

All cartilaginous jawed fish. Sharks, rays, skates and relatives.

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14
Q

Describe the skeleton in members of chondrichthyes.

A

Cartilaginous, flexible endoskeleton but can have extensive calcification.

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15
Q

What type of scales are found on members of chondrichthyes?

A

Placoid scales.

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16
Q

Describe some features of the class chondrichthyes.

A

Well-developed sense organs.
Powerful jaws.
Paired fins.
Predaceous habits.

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17
Q

What is the lateral line and its structure and function?

A

A sensory organ running the length of the body that can sense vibrations. The lateral line is composed of neuromasts in tubes and pores on the flanks.

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18
Q

What are the ampullae of Lorenzini?

A

Electroreceptors on the head of cartilaginous fish.

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19
Q

What is the function of the ampullae of Lorenzini?

A

To detect electrical fields generated by muscular contraction in nearby prey.

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20
Q

Describe reproduction in the class chondrichthyes.

A

Internal fertilisation.
Sperm transfer via pelvic fin claspers.
Mainly ovoviviparous (eggs develop and hatch internally) or oviparous (eggs laid outside the body).

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21
Q

Define ovoviviparity.

A

Producing eggs that develop inside the parent with a live organism being born.

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22
Q

Define oviparity.

A

Producing eggs that hatch outside of the parent.

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23
Q

Define viviparity.

A

Embryo develops inside parent using a placenta and a live organism is born.

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24
Q

What is the spiracle in chondrichthyes? What is the main benefit of a spiracle?

A

A hole behind the eye that allows water to enter and pass over the gills whilst the mouth is closed. Allows the animal to feed + oxygenate blood simultaneously.

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25
Q

What are some life history traits of the class chondrichthyes?

A 
Slow growth.
Late maturity.
Long gestation.
Low fecundity.
Long lifespan.
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26
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of fish propulsion?

A

High maneuverability.
Efficient cruising.
Rapid acceleration.

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27
Q

What propulsion mechanism is favoured for widely dispersed food?

A

Efficient cruising.

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28
Q

What propulsion mechanism is favoured for abundant food that can escape?

A

Rapid acceleration.

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29
Q

What propulsion mechanism is favoured for abundant food found in complex habitats?

A

High manueverability.

30
Q

What are the body characteristics of efficient cruising fish?

A

Terminal mouth.
Fusiform, streamlined body.
Forked tail with narrow/average peduncle.
Evenly distributed fins for stability.

31
Q

What are the body characteristics of rapid accelerating fish?

A

Large gape.
Flexible, torpedo-like body.
Thick caudal peduncle.
Ventral pectoral fin.

32
Q

What are the body characteristics of maneuverability specialist fish?

A

Small protusible mouth.
Large fins relative to body.
Defensive spines.
Lateral pectoral fins.

33
Q

What is the caudal peduncle?

A

The tapered region behind the dorsal + anal fins where the caudal fin attaches to the body.

34
Q

What are the 3 forms of mouth placement?

A

Superior, terminal or inferior.

35
Q

What are the 6 fin types?

A

Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, caudal, anal and adipose (only found on some species).

36
Q

What are the 5 variants of caudal fin?

A

Rounded, truncated, forked, lunated and heterocercal.

37
Q

How do spines and rays differ?

A

Spines are rigid, non-segmented defense features. Rays are flexible, branched structures used for support.

38
Q

On what groups are placoid scales found?

A

Sharks and rays.

39
Q

On what groups are ganoid scales found?

A

Bowfin, paddlefish, gar and sturgeons.

40
Q

On what groups are cycloid and ctenoid scales found?

A

Most bony fish (teleosts).

41
Q

Describe placoid scales.

A

Very tiny and tough. Possess “riblets” that decrease drag.

42
Q

Describe ganoid scales.

A

Armour-like protective plates. Covered in ganoin (similar to enamel).

43
Q

Describe cycloid scales.

A

Smooth-edged overlapping scales.

44
Q

Describe ctenoid scales.

A

Toothed outer edges. Overlapping.

45
Q

How do bony fish maintain buoyancy?

A

Using a swim bladder.

46
Q

How do cartilaginous fish maintain buoyancy?

A

By storing oils in their livers.

47
Q

How do deep sea fish maintain buoyancy?

A

By storing oils/lipids in their swim bladder.

48
Q

How are terrestrial vertebrate skeletons modified for life out of the water?

A

Bones designed for strength (compact) and low weight (spongy bone).
Zygapophyses to resist twisting/bending.
Stout ribs + distinct vertebral regions.

49
Q

How are terrestrial vertebrate muscless modified for life out of the water?

A

Differentiated and enlarged axial muscles.

Limb girdle enlargement and limb location shifting.

50
Q

What are the 3 forms of fish locomotion?

A

Anguilliform, carangiform and ostraciiform.

51
Q

How does anguilliform locomotion work?

A

Undulation of the majority of the body.

52
Q

How does carangiform locomotion work?

A

Undulation of the caudal region.

53
Q

How does ostraciiform locomotion work?

A

Undulation of the caudal fins.

54
Q

What are some fish body modifications to overcome the viscosity of water?

A

Streamlined body shape.
Small scales.
Mucus production.
Undulation to “push” against viscous water.

55
Q

Describe undulatory propulsion.

A

Forward thrust generated by undulatory waves passing down the body or fin.

56
Q

Describe oscillatory propulsion.

A

Thrust generated by paired fins.

57
Q

What is the evolutionary trend in fish body coverings? What are the benefits of this?

A

Scales are becoming thinner and less heavy. Results in greater maneuverability.

58
Q

What is the evolutionary trend in fish respiratory apparatus? What are the benefits of this?

A

Transitioning from rigid branchial cavity lungs to branchiostegal ray and a swim bladder. Results in greater efficiency and hydrostatic control.

59
Q

What is the evolutionary trend in fish tail type? What are the benefits of this?

A

Transitioning from heterocercal to homocercal. Results in faster swimming and more uniform thrust.

60
Q

What is the evolutionary trend in fish fin location? What are the benefits of this?

A

Transitioning from pelvics behind pectorals to pelvics below/anterior to pectorals. Results in greater maneuverability.

61
Q

Which group of fish transitioned onto land?

A

Lobe-finned fish.

62
Q

How did lungs evolve in fish?

A

As an adaptation for respiration during droughts and also for buoyancy.

63
Q

From which organ did the swim bladder evolve from?

A

The lungs.

64
Q

Which group of fish are the most dominant group?

A

Ray-finned fish (Teleosts).

65
Q

What characteristics are found in teleosts?

A

Cycloid/Ctenoid scales.
Increased cranial complexity.
Swim bladders.

66
Q

How is a physostomus swim bladder inflated?

A

The fish gulps air. The swim bladder is connected to the pharynx by the pneumatic duct.

67
Q

How is a physoclistous swim bladder inflated?

A

Gas is released into the bladder at the knot of capillaries (rete mirabile).

68
Q

What characteristics are found in lobe-finned fish?

A

Muscular, fleshy fins with bony, leg-like supports.

69
Q

Lobe-finned fish were the origins of which group of terrestrial organisms?

A

The tetrapods.

70
Q

Which organism is referred to as the missing link between lobe-finned fish and tetrapods?

A

Tiktaalik roseae.

71
Q

What features suggest Tiktaalik roseae regularly went on land?

A

Mobile neck.
Ear structured for hearing in and out of water.
Flexible elbow and wrist.
Very large chest muscles.

BI2131: Animal Diversity and Adaptation (19 decks)

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