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ABSITE UTH > Fiser - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Fiser - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cell membrane.

A

Lipid bilayer with protein channels, enzymes, and receptors.

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2
Q

What increases cell membrane fluidity?

A

cholesterol

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3
Q
  1. What is the charge inside of the cell?
  2. Outside?
  3. What determines this?
A
  1. Negative inside.
  2. Postive outside.
  3. Determined by Na/K ATPase (3Na out, 2 K in).
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4
Q

What are desmosomes/hemidesmosomes?

A

Adhesion molecules anchoring the cell (cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix, respectively)

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5
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

cell-cell occluding junctions forming an impermeable barrier (e.g. epithelium)

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6
Q

What allows for communication between cells?

A

Gap junctions (connexin subunits)

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7
Q

What are G proteins (GTPases)?

A

intramembrane proteins; transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme

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8
Q

What composes a ligand-triggered protein kinase and what is an example?

A

receptor & enzyme are a single transmembrane protein. E.g. receptor tyrosine kinase

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9
Q

What kind of molecules are ABO blood-type antigens?

A

Glycolipids on cell membrane

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10
Q

What kind of molecules are HLA-type antigens?

A

glycoproteins on the cell membrane

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11
Q

What is osmotic equilibrium?

A

Water moves from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration to reach osmotic equilibrium

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12
Q

What happens in G1 & S phases?

A

protein synthesis, chromosomal duplication

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13
Q

What happens in G2 & M phases?

A

nucleus divides, mitosis

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14
Q

What affects the cell during G1?

A

Growth factors

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15
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Quiescent, not actively dividing/replicating

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16
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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17
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

centromere attachment, centriole formation, nucleus disappears

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18
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromosome alignment

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19
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

chromosomes pull apart

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20
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

Double membrane, w/ outer membrane continuous w/ RER

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22
Q

Describe the structure/function of the nucleolus.

A

inside the nucleus, no membrane, ribosomes made here

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23
Q

What is transcription?

A

Synthesis of mRNA strand by RNA polymerase which uses DNA strand as a template.

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24
Q

What is the function of transcription factors?

A

Bind DNA and help the transcription of genes.

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25
Q

Steroid hormone as a transcription factor - action?

A

binds receptor in cytoplasm, enters nucleus to act as a transcription factor

26
Q

Thyroid hormone as a transcription factor - action?

A

binds receptor in the nucleus, then acts as a transcription factor

27
Q

What is the function/action of initiation factors?

A

bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

28
Q

Describe the DNA polymerase chain reaction.

A

Uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences.

29
Q

Which nucleotides are purines?

A

guanine, adenine

30
Q

Which nucleotides are pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymidine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)

31
Q

Guanine forms _ H-bonds w/ cytosine.

A

Three.

32
Q

Adenine forms _ H-bonds w/ thymidine or uracil.

A

Two.

33
Q

Describe the process of translation.

A

mRNA is used as a template by ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins.

34
Q

Describe ribosome structure & function.

A

Small & large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNA that have amino acids, and eventually make proteins.

35
Q

What is the end result of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose generates 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate molecules.

36
Q

What is the end result of the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 pyruvate molecules (from breakdown of 1 glucose) create NADH and FADH2.

37
Q

Describe the process of the electron transport chain and the end result.

A

NADH & FADH2 enter the chain, creating a H+ gradient.
ATP is generated by the ATP synthase using this gradient.
1 molecule of glucose produces 36 ATP.

38
Q

What can enter the Krebs Cycle to produce ATP?

A

Amino acids, ketones, short-chain fatty acids can enter to produce ATP.

39
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Process by which lactic acid (Cori cycle) and amino acids are converted to glucose?

40
Q

What is the primary amino acid used in gluconeogenesis?

A

Alanine.

41
Q

When is gluconeogenesis performed?

A

Starvation or stress (glycolysis in reverse).

42
Q

Are fats & lipids available for gluconeogenesis?

Why?

A

No.

Acetyl-CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back into pyruvate.

43
Q

Describe the Cori cycle.

A

Mechanism by which the liver converts muscle lactate into new glucose. Pyruvate plays a key role in this process.

44
Q

Do WBCs contain nuclear material?

Do RBCs or platelets contain nuclear material?

A

Yes.

No.

45
Q

Describe the function of the rough ER.

A

Synthesizes proteins that are exported (increased in pancreatic acinar cells).

46
Q

Describe the function of the smooth ER.

A

Lipid/steroid synthesis. Detoxifies drugs (increased in liver & adrenal cortex).

47
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Modifies proteins w/ carbs, Proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, secreted or targeted to lysosomes.

48
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes.

A

Use digestive enzymes to breakdown engulfed particles & worn-out organelles.

49
Q

Describe the function of phagosomes.

A

Engulf small particles, then fuse w/ lysosomes.

50
Q

What are endosomes?

A

Engulfed small particles that eventually fuse w/ lysosomes.

51
Q

Name 3 pathways that use 2nd messengers for signal transduction.

A
  1. Phospholipase C.
  2. Protein Kinase A.
  3. MAPK/ERK Pathway.
52
Q

Describe the phospholipase C pathway.

A

Phospholipase C clears PIP2 into DAG & IP3.

IP3 causes the release of calcium from the smooth ER.

53
Q

What activates protein kinase C?

A

Calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG).

54
Q

Describe the function of protein kinase C.

A

Phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.

55
Q

What activates protein kinase A?

Describe its function.

A

cAMP.

Phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.

56
Q

What does myosin use ATP for?

A

Myosin are thick filaments that use ATP to slide along actin (thin filaments) for muscle contraction.

57
Q

What are three different intermediate filaments?

A

keratin, desmin, vimentin

58
Q

Where does one see keratin, desmin, vimentin?

A

Keratin: hair, nails.
Desmin: muscle.
Vimentin: fibroblasts.

59
Q

What is the function(s) of microtubules?

A

Form specialized structures such as cilia, neuronal axons, mitotic spindles.
Involved in transport of organelles in a cell.
Form a latticework inside the cell.

60
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Specialized microtubule involved in cell division (forms spindle fibers, which pull chromosome apart).

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