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ABSITE UTH > Fiser - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Fiser - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cell membrane.

A

Lipid bilayer with protein channels, enzymes, and receptors.

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2
Q

What increases cell membrane fluidity?

A

cholesterol

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3
Q
  1. What is the charge inside of the cell?
  2. Outside?
  3. What determines this?
A
  1. Negative inside.
  2. Postive outside.
  3. Determined by Na/K ATPase (3Na out, 2 K in).
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4
Q

What are desmosomes/hemidesmosomes?

A

Adhesion molecules anchoring the cell (cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix, respectively)

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5
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

cell-cell occluding junctions forming an impermeable barrier (e.g. epithelium)

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6
Q

What allows for communication between cells?

A

Gap junctions (connexin subunits)

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7
Q

What are G proteins (GTPases)?

A

intramembrane proteins; transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme

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8
Q

What composes a ligand-triggered protein kinase and what is an example?

A

receptor & enzyme are a single transmembrane protein. E.g. receptor tyrosine kinase

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9
Q

What kind of molecules are ABO blood-type antigens?

A

Glycolipids on cell membrane

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10
Q

What kind of molecules are HLA-type antigens?

A

glycoproteins on the cell membrane

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11
Q

What is osmotic equilibrium?

A

Water moves from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration to reach osmotic equilibrium

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12
Q

What happens in G1 & S phases?

A

protein synthesis, chromosomal duplication

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13
Q

What happens in G2 & M phases?

A

nucleus divides, mitosis

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14
Q

What affects the cell during G1?

A

Growth factors

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15
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Quiescent, not actively dividing/replicating

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16
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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17
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

centromere attachment, centriole formation, nucleus disappears

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18
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromosome alignment

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19
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

chromosomes pull apart

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20
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

Double membrane, w/ outer membrane continuous w/ RER

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22
Q

Describe the structure/function of the nucleolus.

A

inside the nucleus, no membrane, ribosomes made here

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23
Q

What is transcription?

A

Synthesis of mRNA strand by RNA polymerase which uses DNA strand as a template.

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24
Q

What is the function of transcription factors?

A

Bind DNA and help the transcription of genes.

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25
Steroid hormone as a transcription factor - action?
binds receptor in cytoplasm, enters nucleus to act as a transcription factor
26
Thyroid hormone as a transcription factor - action?
binds receptor in the nucleus, then acts as a transcription factor
27
What is the function/action of initiation factors?
bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription
28
Describe the DNA polymerase chain reaction.
Uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences.
29
Which nucleotides are purines?
guanine, adenine
30
Which nucleotides are pyrimidines
cytosine, thymidine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)
31
Guanine forms _ H-bonds w/ cytosine.
Three.
32
Adenine forms _ H-bonds w/ thymidine or uracil.
Two.
33
Describe the process of translation.
mRNA is used as a template by ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins.
34
Describe ribosome structure & function.
Small & large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNA that have amino acids, and eventually make proteins.
35
What is the end result of glycolysis?
1 glucose generates 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate molecules.
36
What is the end result of the Krebs Cycle?
2 pyruvate molecules (from breakdown of 1 glucose) create NADH and FADH2.
37
Describe the process of the electron transport chain and the end result.
NADH & FADH2 enter the chain, creating a H+ gradient. ATP is generated by the ATP synthase using this gradient. 1 molecule of glucose produces 36 ATP.
38
What can enter the Krebs Cycle to produce ATP?
Amino acids, ketones, short-chain fatty acids can enter to produce ATP.
39
What is gluconeogenesis?
Process by which lactic acid (Cori cycle) and amino acids are converted to glucose?
40
What is the primary amino acid used in gluconeogenesis?
Alanine.
41
When is gluconeogenesis performed?
Starvation or stress (glycolysis in reverse).
42
Are fats & lipids available for gluconeogenesis? | Why?
No. | Acetyl-CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back into pyruvate.
43
Describe the Cori cycle.
Mechanism by which the liver converts muscle lactate into new glucose. Pyruvate plays a key role in this process.
44
Do WBCs contain nuclear material? | Do RBCs or platelets contain nuclear material?
Yes. | No.
45
Describe the function of the rough ER.
Synthesizes proteins that are exported (increased in pancreatic acinar cells).
46
Describe the function of the smooth ER.
Lipid/steroid synthesis. Detoxifies drugs (increased in liver & adrenal cortex).
47
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.
Modifies proteins w/ carbs, Proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, secreted or targeted to lysosomes.
48
Describe the function of lysosomes.
Use digestive enzymes to breakdown engulfed particles & worn-out organelles.
49
Describe the function of phagosomes.
Engulf small particles, then fuse w/ lysosomes.
50
What are endosomes?
Engulfed small particles that eventually fuse w/ lysosomes.
51
Name 3 pathways that use 2nd messengers for signal transduction.
1. Phospholipase C. 2. Protein Kinase A. 3. MAPK/ERK Pathway.
52
Describe the phospholipase C pathway.
Phospholipase C clears PIP2 into DAG & IP3. | IP3 causes the release of calcium from the smooth ER.
53
What activates protein kinase C?
Calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG).
54
Describe the function of protein kinase C.
Phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.
55
What activates protein kinase A? | Describe its function.
cAMP. | Phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins.
56
What does myosin use ATP for?
Myosin are thick filaments that use ATP to slide along actin (thin filaments) for muscle contraction.
57
What are three different intermediate filaments?
keratin, desmin, vimentin
58
Where does one see keratin, desmin, vimentin?
Keratin: hair, nails. Desmin: muscle. Vimentin: fibroblasts.
59
What is the function(s) of microtubules?
Form specialized structures such as cilia, neuronal axons, mitotic spindles. Involved in transport of organelles in a cell. Form a latticework inside the cell.
60
What is a centriole?
Specialized microtubule involved in cell division (forms spindle fibers, which pull chromosome apart).

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