Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations of Primary Care AM > First year summary > Flashcards

First year summary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aim of a GP consultation?

A 
Initiate session
Gather information
Provide structure
Build relationship
Explain and plan
Close session
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What components is clinical competence made up of?

A

Knowledge
Communication skills
Physical examination
Problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 broad types of communication skills needed for a GP consultation?

A

Content skills- substance of questions
Perecptual skills- thoughts and feelings
Process skills- what the doctor actually does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 types of doctor patient relationship?

A

Authoritarian- doctor uses position of authority and patient has no autonomy
Guidance- doctor still uses authority, but patient has slightly more autonomy and participates more actively
Mutual participation- patient and doctor have equal authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 types of interviewing technique?

A

Open ended questions
Listening and silence
Facilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of questions that can be asked?

A 
Open ended
Closed
Direct
Leading 
Refelcted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of non verbal communication?

A

Instinctive
Learned
Clinical observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the factors that can affect body language?

A

Culture
Context
Gesture clusters
Congruence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the possible activities in a patient consultation?

A

Talking together
Examination
Performing procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the WHO definition of health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between the way younger and older people view health?

A

Younger people tend to view health in terms of strength and physical fitness
Older people tend to think of health in terms of functional ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do views on health depend on socioeconomic status?

A

Those in lower socioeconomic classes tend to think of health as functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do views on health depend on sex?

A

Women more likely to include a social aspect of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do cultural differences affect views on health?

A

Different cultures view illness in different ways

Afro-Caribbean moe likely to view hypertension as normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a disease?

A

Biological problem/pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an illness?

A

Biological problemmand the way it affects the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a hazard?

A

Something with potential to cause harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the types of hazard?

A 
Physical
Chemical
Mechanical
Biological
Psychosocial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is risk?

A

Likelihood of harm occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What factors affect the degree of risk?

A

How much a person is exposed
How the person is exposed
Conditions of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does risk combine?

A

Probability of particular outcome and the severity of the heart involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What factors about the risk affect our perception of it?

A

Feeling in control
Size of possible harm
Familiarity with the risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the individual variables with risk perception?

A 
Previous experience
Attitude towards risk
Values/beliefs
Socioeconomic factors
Personality
Demographic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Increases the risk of harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a protective factor?
Decreases risk of harm
26
What is susceptibility?
Increases likelihood that something will cause harm
27
What is uncertainty?
State of not being completely confident
28
What is the purpose of summarising?
Patient can add of correct any information | Ensures nothing important is missed
29
What is safety netting?
Give patient information on what to do and who to contact should the situation worsen- and what the situation worsening would be
30
What is the purpose of safety netting?
Advise the patient of the expected course of the illness/recovery Advise of symptoms indicating deterioration Advise who to contact if patient deteriorates
31
What is hypotheticodeductive reasoning?
- Differential - Exclude rare and not immediately concerning diagnoses - Actively exclude life threatening but less likely causes - Strengthened case for likely diagnoses through history and examination - Treat for likely cause, if this doesn't work, go back to differential
32
Who do the majority of healthcare misunderstanding happen in?
Patients with limited english- 73%
33
How do cultural influences affect health?
Healthcare beliefs Attitudes towards care Trust in the system Affect how information and healthcare is received, understood and acted upon
34
What are the healthcare disparities between races?
Disease outcome | Disease prevalence
35
How is disease outcome a healthcare disparity between races?
Death rates in lung cancer lower in white than black males | Ethnic minority women with breast cancer have worse survival than white women, even with similar access to care
36
How is disease prevalence a healthcare disparity between races?
Rates of diabetes 5x higher in Pakistani and Bangladeshi women than general population Black Caribbean men have higher rates of stroke
37
What is transference?
Physicians or patients transfer past emotions, beliefs or experiences to the present situation
38
What are the cultural barriers?
``` Lack of knowledge Fear and distrust Bias and ethnocentrism Stereotyping Language barriers Differences in perceptions and expectations Situation ```
39
What are the primary focuses in a consultation crossing cultures?
Eliminate misunderstanding in diagnosis or in treatment planning due to language barriers Improves adherence to treatment Eliminate healthcare disparities
40
What is cultural competence?
Ongoing capacity of healthcare systems, organisations and professionals to provide for diverse patient populations high quality care that is safe, patient- and family-centred, evidence-based and equitable
41
How are differences in beliefs dealt with?
Acknowledge the simultaneous existence of differing realities without comparison or judgement
42
How are consultations crossing cultures prepared for and dealt with?
Anticipate likely areas of miscommunication, misinterpretation and misjudgement and have skills to set them right Understand the meaning of culture and its important to healthcare Have respect for variations in cultural norms Elicit patients' explanatory model of illness
43
How is the patient's explanatory model of illness elicited?
Asking questions to elicit patient's understanding Have strategies for identifying and bridging different communication styles Have skills for assessing decision making preferences and the role of family
44
What is the last resort for translation?
Family members
45
Why are family members the last resort for translation?
Error Lack of knowledge Bias Selective communication
46
What are the direct pathological effects of the environment on health?
Physical- radiation Chemical- pesticides Biological- infectious/allergic agents
47
What are the indirect effects of environment on health?
Housing- overcrowding Transport Town planning Income/welfare/ wealth distribution
48
What are occupational aspects to health?
Injury | Exposure to harmful working conditions
49
What is spending most effect on?
``` Sanitation Immunisation Housing Education Education Human safety Famine Poverty Social inequality ```
50
What is prevalence?
Number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point or defined period
51
What is incidence?
Number of new cases of disease in a population in a specific period of time
52
What is statistical norm?
Based on normal distribution curve/standard deviation
53
What is cultural norm?
Based on norms and values within a certain group
54
What is a gatekeeper?
Person who controls patients' access to specialist/secondary care
55
What are the advantages of GPs as gatekeepers?
Keep people out of expensive and unnecessary primary care Continuity of the doctor patient relationship Personal advocacy Patient does not necessarily know which speciality to go to Increase likelihood of referral to appropriate department Limits exposure to certain investigations GP acts as coordinator and can provide patient education
56
What are the disadvantages of GPs as gatekeepers?
Patients have less choice in secondary care Puts stress on GP and patient doctor relationship Dependent on individual GP Increases time to get required treatment
57
What are the 4 ethical principles?
Beneficance Non-maleficance Justice Autonomy
58
What is culture?
Complex whole which includes knowledge/beliefs/arts/morals/law/customs
59
What is ethnicity?
Cultural practises and outlooks that characterise and distinguish a certain group of people; may include a common language, common customs and beliefs and tradition
60
What is race?
Group of people linked by biological/genetic factors
61
What are the 6 occupational classes?
``` Professional Managerial and technical Skilled non manual Skilled manual Partly skilled Unskilled ```
62
What are the kinds of healthcare professionals?
``` GP Practice nurse Midwife Health visitor Pharmacist Dietician Phlebotamist District nurse Occupational therapist Physiotherapist Receptionist Secretary Counsellor ```
63
What are methods on nonverbal communication?
``` Listening Use of silence Posture Body language Specific gestures Facial expressions Eye contact Layout of room Stay in room ```
64
How many patients are registered with each GP?
1200-2000
65
What % of illnesses presenting to primary care are referred to secondary care?
3%
66
What aspects should be covered in a consultation promoting a healthier lifestyle?
``` Diet Exercise Alcohol Smoking Illicit drug use Sexual health ```
67
What are the aspects of health which are worse for children in deprived areas?
Lower birth weight Less likely to benefit from breastfeeding Poorer dental health Higher rates of obesity More likely to smoke More likely to become pregnant in teenage years
68
What are possible well recognised risks to foetal wellbeing?
``` Smoking Illicit drugs Prescription drugs OTC medication/herbal medication X-rays Diet Infectious diseases Maternal disease ```
69
What are 5 factors that will motivate a patient to a behavioural change?
Advantages outweigh disadvantages Patient anticipates positive reponse from others Social pressure to change Patient perceives new behaviour to be in line with self image Behaviour sustainable
70
What actions could the government take to stem the rise in obesity?
``` Health education Improve sports facilities Tax on unhealthy foods Subsidise healthy food Legislation i.e. for proper labelling Enforcement of legislation Transport policy Funding of treatment for obesity ```
71
What are the routes by which someone could be exposed to a hazardous substance?
``` Skin Blood Sexual contact Ingestion Inhalation ```
72
What are some social influences on health?
``` Gener Ethnicity Housing Employment Financial security Health system Environment Social classes ```
73
What are the advantages of developmental milestones?
Provide GPs and health visitors with aid to manage child development and clear cut off point for referral Easier to reassure anxious parents Aids parental involvement Allows comparison
74
What are the disadvantages of developmental milestones?
Parental anxiety Different guideline interpretation Medicalisation of normal Doctor in difficult position
75
How can risk be minimised?
Safety netting Summarise and verbally check Handover to patient Housekeeping
76
What are the coping mechanisms for stress?
Problem focused Emotion focused Combined problem and emotion focused

Foundations of Primary Care AM (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions