FIRST WEEK READINGS: CH 1,2,4 Flashcards
What is the definition of health defined by WHO
a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not only the absence of disease or infirmity
Define determinants of health
factors that influence the health status of an individual or a population, eg: biological, behavioural, social, environmental, political, etc
Define health research
the investigation of health and disease or any of the factors that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental and social health among individuals or populations. it encompasses both clinical and population health research
Define medicine
practice of preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problem in individuals and families
define clinician
a medican professional who provides direct care to patients or clients.
define clinical research
finds the best ways to prevent, diagnose and treat adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families.
clinical research vs basic medical research
clinical research generally uses humans as the unit of investigation whereas basic medical research studies molecules, genes, cells and other smaller biological components
define translational research
bridges basic research and clinical research by applying scientific discoveries to the improvement of clinical outcomes.
what is the aim of translational medicine?
to move research from the bench (labratory) to the bedside (clinical care settings)
define population health
focuses on health outcomes and determinants of health in groups of humans
methods used for clinical and population health research studies?
social science fields, such as: psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics
Define research
process of systemically and carefully investigating a topic in order to discover new insights of the world
What is the research process?
- identifying the study question
- select study approach
- design study and collect data
- analyze data
- report findings
How to identify a good study question
- using all perspectives and experiences
- using who, what, when, where and why
define brainstorm
process of generating long lists of spontaneous ideas about possible research questions
define concept mapping
a visual method for listing ideas and grouping them together to reveal relationships
define keyword
a word, or a MeSH term or a short phrase that is used in a database search. these words are potentially used a study foci within the major area of interest
MeSH full form
medical subject heading.
define exposure
a personal characteristic, behaviour, environmental encounter or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition
define risk factor
an exposure that increases an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome
define protective factor
an exposure that reduce’s an individual’s likelihood subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome
non modifiable risk factor
a risk factor for a disease that cannot be changed through health interventions. eg. age
modifiable risk factor
a risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated. finding the modifiable risk factor enables effective preventive interventions to be developed
What are the three levels of prevention address modifiable risk factors at different stages
- primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
define primary prevention
combining health behaviours and other protective actions that help avoid an adverse health event to individuals who don’t have it already. eg, seatbelts, nutritious diets, etc
define Secondary Prevention
detection of health problems is asymptomatic individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and can be treated easier. eg: cancer screening, blood pressure checks and routine hearing and eye tests.
Tertiary prevention
interventions that reduce impairment, minimize pain and suffering and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems. eg. rehabilitation, palliative care, medications and surgery
define disease
a presence of signs or symptoms of poor health
define disorder
a functional impairment that may or may not be characterized by measurable, structural or physiological changes. in the edp framework, disease encompasses diseases, disorders, injuries and other health conditions and outcomes. and outcome of disease is usually mortality
define mortality
death
define morbidity
nonfatal illness
define comorbidity
two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time
define population
a group of individuals, communities or organizations
what are the 3 separate lists that final set of keywords are divided into?
- One for exposures or interventions”
- One for diseases or other outcomes
- One for specific populations”
PICOT
- problem, patients or population that is being studied
- intervention that is tested
- what will the intervention be compared to
- what is the outcome
- time frame for follow up
define inquiry
process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences.
is inquiry the same as research?
no, but it can grow into research projects
define testability
ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurements
what is a good research question
one that ends with a question mark and is testable
define generality
ability for research findings to be applicable to more than one population
what are the 4 key questions to refine the study question
- What is the one well-defined research question that the study will answer?
- What specific aims, objectives, or hypotheses will enable the key question to be answered?
- Would a conceptual framework be helpful for guiding the design, analysis, and interpretation of the study and its results?
- Is the proposed study feasible? Is there a high likelihood that the research team will be able to answer the study’s main research question?
define study goal
describes single objective or the main question that a research project seeks to answer
how many specific aims do most studies in Health Sci have
2-4 specific aims with three the most typical number
define specific aim
a described action that will help the researcher make progress towards the goal
define hypothesis
an informed assumption about the likely outcome of a well-designed investigation that can be tested using scientific methods. usually uses an if-then statement
Hypotheses should be falsifiable and written in neutral, unbiased language that allows the aim to be achieved no matter what the outcome of the experiment is.
what are the 2 common ways to write specific aims for a research?
sequential and independent
define sequential approach/objective
a list of action in chronlogical order to achieve the main goal.
independent approach.
- the specific aims are related but are independent of one another. If one objective cannot be achieved, it is still possible to successfully complete the other objectives.
What are the characteristics of a good goal statement
Specific
Measurable
Attainable and Achievable
Relevant
Timely
SMART
Conceptual framework meaning
a model that a researcher sketches using boxes and arrows to illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during a study
Theoretical framework meaning
a set of established models that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new research study
Health belief model meaning
The Health Belief Model (HBM) says that changing health behaviors depends on how much you think you could get sick, how bad it would be, how much you think changing would help, what’s stopping you, any reminders to act, and how confident you are. If you use HBM in a study, you might try to make people aware of disease risks and how bad they are, teach them how to prevent it, and help them overcome obstacles to healthy habits. Then, you’d collect info on who they are and what they believe and do before and after. You’d analyze this data using HBM to see why the intervention worked or didn’t for different groups in the study.
social ecological model meaning
The social ecological model says that health and health behaviors depend on the social environment, including individual, social relationships, organizations, communities, and policies. In a study using this model, we’ll try to change health behaviors by addressing these different levels, like individual risks, relationships, and policies. We’ll collect data on individuals, relationships, and community factors to guide the intervention. Choosing a theoretic model early in the study can also shape the study’s goals.
FEASIBILITY
is an evaluation of the likelihood that a task can be completed with the time, money, technology, and other resources that are available for the activity
what does FINER stand for
it is used to see if the research is viable:
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant
