First Week Flashcards
1
Q
Abolishing operation
A
Temporarily decreases the value of a stimulus
2
Q
Abcissa
A
Horizontal or x-axis
3
Q
Analytic
A
Evaluate functional relationships
4
Q
Antecedent
A
Stimulus (change) that precedes behavior
5
Q
Applied Behavior Analysis
A
Science that is used to improve behavior of social significance
6
Q
Avoidance
A
Response prevents/postpones presence of an aversive stimulus
7
Q
B. F. Skinner
A
Founder of the science of behavior
8
Q
Backward chaining
A
Teach last step of a task analysis first
9
Q
Baseline
A
Independent variable not yet implemented
10
Q
Behavior
A
Anything a person does that can be observed and measured
11
Q
Behaviorism
A
Scientific approach to the study of behavior
12
Q
Chaining
A
Teach steps of a complex behavior
13
Q
Conditioned reflex
A
Response occurs in the presence of a conditioned stimulus
14
Q
Conditioned stimulus
A
Neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus; elicits response
15
Q
Consequence
A
Stimulus (change) that follows behavior
16
Q
Contingency
A
If-then Relationship
17
Q
Culture
A
All conditions, events, stimuli arranged by others to regulate human action
18
Q
Dependent variable
A
Effect, measured
19
Q
Deprivation
A
Withholding stimulus temporarily increases reinforcer effectiveness
20
Q
Determinism
A
Lawful
21
Q
Differential reinforcement
A
Reinforcer delivered for a class of responses but not for others
22
Q
Discriminative stimulus
A
Stimulus signals reinforcer is available
23
Q
Duration
A
Measure total time response occurs
24
Q
Empiricism
A
Events as objectively observed, described and measured
25
Environment
All stimuli that affect behavior
26
Establishing Operation (EO)
Temporarily increases the value of a stimulus
27
Escape
Response terminates aversive stimulus
28
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
Scientific examination of the principles of behavior
29
Extinction
Response occurs, reinforcer does not follow, R-S relation weakens
30
Fixed interval (FI)
Reinforcer is delivered for the first correct response after a passage of time
31
Fixed ratio (FR)
Reinforcer is delivered after a specific number of responses
32
Forward chaining
Teach first step of a task analysis first
33
Four term contingency
MO-A-B-C
34
Frequency
The count
35
Functional relation
One event dependent upon another
36
Functional response class
Responses look different but have the same effect
37
Generalization
Response occurs in the presence of similar stimuli
38
Imitation
Copy modeled response
39
Independent variable
Cause, manipulated
40
Inter-observer agreement (IOA)
Two observers independently observe, record and agree on the occurrence of a response
41
Inter-response time (IRT)
Time between two consecutive responses
42
Interval recording
Record if response occurs during a period of time
43
Intervention
Application of a procedure to change a target behavior
44
Latency
Time from onset of stimulus to initiating response
45
limited hold
window of opportunity for reinforcement after FI or VI
46
Modeling
Demonstrate desired behavior
47
Momentary time sample
Record the presence or absence of a response at an exact moment in time
48
Motivating operations
Alters the effectiveness of a stimulus and changes the frequency of behavior
49
Negative punishment
Stimulus removed after a response, rate of behavior decreases
50
Negative reinforcement
Stimulus is removed after a response, rate of behavior increases
51
Operant behavior
Behavior learned through consequences
52
Operant conditioning
Consequence immediately follows response and changes R-S relation
53
Ordinate
Vertical or y-axis
54
Parsimony
Rule out simple, logical explanations first
55
Pavlov
Studied respondent conditioning
56
Permanent product
The physical outcome of behavior
57
Philosophical doubt
Question everything
58
Philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis
Determinism, empericism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, philosophic doubt
59
Positive punishment
Stimulus added after a response, rate of behavior decreases
60
Positive reinforcement
Stimulus added after a response, rate of behavior increases
61
Preference assessment
Identify and rank stimuli as affective reinforcers
62
Premack principle
High-probability behavior is contingent upon low-probability behavior
63
Primary reinforcer
Stimuli needed to survive
64
Punishment
Consequence immediately follows a response, weakens R-S relation
65
Radical behaviorism
The study of human behavior including thoughts and feelings
66
Rate
Ratio = response/time
67
Ratio strain
Schedule of reinforcement is to lean to maintain behavior
68
Reflex
Respondent behavior; unlearned S-R relation
69
Reinforcement
Consequence immediately follows a response, strengthens R-S relation
70
Reinforcer
Stimulus presented, increases future probability of behavior
71
Reliability
Repeated measures yield same values
72
Respondent behavior
Reflex; innate; involuntary; species specific
73
Respondent conditioning
Pair neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
74
Response
An instance of behavior
75
Response class
A group of similar behaviors (topographical or functional)
76
Satiation
Value of reinforcer decreases due to repeated presentation
77
Shaping
Series of approximations toward a terminal behavior
78
Stimulus (stimuli)
Environmental event that can affect behavior
79
Stimulus class
A group of stimuli that share a common elements
80
Stimulus control
Antecedent stimulus alters dimensions of behavior
81
Task analysis
Breaking a complex skill into smaller teachable units
82
Technological
Procedures are precisely defined
83
Temporal extent
Behavior occupies time
84
Temporal locus
Behavior occurs at a point in time
85
Thinning
Fading the schedule of reinforcement
86
Three term contingency
S-r-s; a-b-c
87
Topographical response class
Responses look the same but have a different effect
88
Topography
Physical shape or form of behavior
89
Variable interval (VI)
Reinforcer delivered for first response after a varying amount of time
90
Variable ratio (VR)
Reinforcer delivered for a varying number of responses
91
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus elicits a response without prior learning
92
Post hoc
After the fact explanation
93
Pragmatism
Truth assessed in terms of the success of practical application
94
Contextual psychology
Study of organisms interacting in and with a historical and current situational context
95
Functional contextualism
Gold to predict and influence psychological events with precision, scope, and depth
96
Prosociality
The values, attitudes, and behaviors that benefit individuals and those around them
97
Coercion
Control behavior by (A) punishment or threat of punishment or (B) removal of Aversive Stimuli
98
Negative reinforcement
Stimulus is removed by some response and the rate of that response increases
99
Psychological flexibility
Contact with present moment as conscious human being and work toward chosen values
100
Mindfulness
Paying attention to the present moment with openness, curiosity, and flexibility
101
Positive reinforcement
Stimulus is added by some response and the rate of that response increasesr
102
Behavioral cusp
Learned behavior that exposes person to new reinforcers
103
Pivotal behavior
Behavior produces corresponding modifications in untrained behaviors
104
Target behavior
Specific behavior selected for change
