First Test Oct 6

Question 1

GIS refers to?

Answer 1

the hardware and software required to store spatial coordinate information for features called attributes

Question 2

GIS data format is a …

Answer 2

collection of data points, lines, and polygons

Question 3

annotation

Answer 3

text/labels on maps

Question 4

choropleth maps

Answer 4

use light to dark shades of a particular color to indicate the relative number of a quantitative feature

Question 5

dot density map

Answer 5

point data that is interpolated to create a continuous map coverage

Question 6

continuous data

Answer 6

aka rastor data. a quantity that exists over the entire map area; always present; changes in value from place to place - elevation, precipitation, temperature; represent a measurement that occurs everywhere; thousands or millions of potential values; few adjacent cells have same values

Question 7

vector model

Answer 7

features are stored as a series of X-Y coordinates in a rectangular coordinate system.

Question 8

features can have ___ geometry shapes

Answer 8

3; points, lines, and polygons

Question 9

feature class

Answer 9

collection of similar objects with the same attributes, stored as a single unit

Question 10

a small scale map :

Answer 10

large denominator shows a large area

Question 11

a large scale map

Answer 11

small demonintaor shows small areas

Question 12

it is important to distinguish between ? and ?

Answer 12

source scale and map scale

Question 13

precision

Answer 13

number of sig figs in a measurement

Question 14

metadata

Answer 14

contains information about data that people need to understand the data and evaluate its quality. should be provided with every data set distributed to the public; advised for in-house data as well

Question 15

topology

Answer 15

describes the spatial relationships between features - adjacency, connectivity, overlap, and intersection

Question 16

logical consistency

Answer 16

describes how well the features mimic the real world situations; usually confined to testing for topology errors

Question 17

RGB color model

Answer 17

each primary color brightness is indicated on a scale of 0 (black) to 255 (light)

Question 18

HSV color model

Answer 18

hue represents the color on a scale of a 0-360 (color wheel); saturation represents the intensity of the color (0-100); value represents the brightness of the color (0-100)

Question 19

CMYK color model

Answer 19

is considered to be a “subtractive” model as the colors are removed from white light

Question 20

categorical data

Answer 20

may be text or numeric, portrayed with a unique values map

Question 21

ordinal data

Answer 21

is a type of categorical data based on either quantitative or qualitative data; use a unique values map with a single hue color scheme

Question 22

ratio data

Answer 22

places values along a regular scale with a meaningful zero point

Question 23

interval and ratio data must

Answer 23

be divided into classes before mapping

Question 24

quantities data

Answer 24

are mapped using variations in symbol size, thickness, and hue

Question 25

quantile classification

Answer 25

puts the same number of features in each class - best used when data is uniformly distributed

Question 26

standard deviation classification

Answer 26

compares values close to and far from from the mean - best used when data is normally distributed as a bell curve

Question 27

geometrical interval classification

Answer 27

multiples each class range by a constant - best for visualizing strongly skewed or logarithmically increasing data

Question 28

minimizing Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

Answer 28

normalizing (dividing) data by a suitable field allows data patterns to emerge

Question 29

visual Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

Answer 29

large polygons dominate map

Question 30

layer files

Answer 30

easy way to transfer the same symbology to multiple maps of projects

Question 31

otyles

Answer 31

set of symbols stored together; viewed and selected on symbology pane

Question 32

discrete data

Answer 32

objects such as roads or land use polygon; take on relatively few values; adjacent cells often have same values; values may change abruptly at boundaries

Question 33

five steps of map design

Answer 33

select, arrange, symbolize, review and edit

Question 34

visual center of a page is about…

Answer 34

5% higher than the geometric center

Question 35

elements of a map

Answer 35

data frames, title, dynamic text: spatial reference, text scale, RF scale; inserted text, north arrow, scale bar, legend, grid lines, neat lines

Question 36

map grids

Answer 36

longitude and latitude marks around the map frame, show x-y coordinates, index grids show

Question 37

desirable map properties

Answer 37

conformal (shapes accurate); equal area ( areas correct ); equidistant ( distances accurate); azimuthal (directions accurate)

Question 38

no map projection can…

Answer 38

preserve both correct area values and accurate shape of features; can’t have conformal and equilibrium at same times

Question 39

unprojected geographic coordinate system

Answer 39

based on spherical globe coordinates; degrees of latitude and longtitude

Question 40

projected coordinate system (PCS)

Answer 40

converts spherical coordinates to planar, set of math equations, projects 3D coordinates to 2D map

Question 41

geoid

Answer 41

is defined by gravity measurements that have the same value everywhere

Question 42

ellipsoid (spheroid) represents..

Answer 42

local reference for elevation ellipsoid is defined by length of axis: major and minor axis that represent longer and shorter radii of ellipsoid

Question 43

datum

Answer 43

to minimize the discrepancy between the geoid and ellipsoid a datum is defined; shifts the ellipsoid relative to the geoid to achieve a best fit between the two

Question 44

local datum

Answer 44

optimizes the shift for the best fit at a particular location; optimized for a country or continent or local area

Question 45

geocentric or world centered datum..

Answer 45

optimizes the fit for the entire earth

Question 46

datum transformations

Answer 46

converting one datum to another requires specialized fitting - several methods available; converting datums should be done only when necessary

Question 47

types of geometric projections

Answer 47

cylindrical, conic, azimuthal

Question 48

projection parameters

Answer 48

a projection is customized to work for the map region by setting parameters; central meridian, standard parallels, latitude of origin; false easting and north easting

Question 49

standard parallels

Answer 49

occur where the projection surface touches the ellipsoid; a tangent projection has one standard parallel; a secant projection has two standard parallels; parallels are lines of no distortion

Question 50

false easting and northing:

Answer 50

arbitrary values added to x and y values ensures that all coordinate numbers are positive

Question 51

state plane projection system

Answer 51

states divided into one or more zones identified by a unique FIPS ( Federal information processing standard)