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Honours 2015 > First Test > Flashcards

First Test Flashcards

0
Q

Differentiation

A

A cell or tissue expressing a different number of genes to ensure cells lineage

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1
Q

Things that cells do

A
  • differentiate
  • create/dissociate
  • proliferate
  • communicate
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2
Q

De-differentiation

A

A cell chain gist gene expression to allow it to return to an original cellular state

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3
Q

Stems cells

A

Self renewing cells that can divide symmetrically to give rise to 2 daughter cells whose development potential is identical to that of the parental stem cell or asymmetrically to generate daughter cells with different developmental potentials

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4
Q

Transformation

A
  • permanent alteration in the cellular genome resulting from the uptake and incorporation of a foreign DNA into host genome
  • conversation of a normal mammalian cell into a cell with cancer-like properties
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5
Q

Trafficking

A

Movement of ions and molecules through the permeable cell membrane to effect intracellular signaling via specific pathways

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6
Q

Ligand

A

Any molecule, other than an enzyme substrate, that binds tightly and specifically to a macromolecule

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7
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme that transfers the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a substrate thereby regulating protein activity if many cellular proteins

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8
Q

Lysis

A

Destruction of a cell by rupture of the plasma/cell membrane and release of the contents

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9
Q

Cell death

A

Collective term for apoptosis and necrosis

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10
Q

Autophagy

A

Process of cellular survival through the recycling of cytosolic proteins and organelles

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11
Q

Cell division

A

Separation of a cell into daughter cells through the division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

Any of several checkpoints in the cell cycle at which progression of a cell the the next stage can be halted until conditions are favorable

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13
Q

Cyclins

A

Related proteins whose concentrations rise and fall during the course of the cell cycle progression
Activate and determine substrate specificity of enzymes

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14
Q

Constitutive

A

Continuous production or activity of cellular processes that is not regulated by internal or external signals

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15
Q

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A

A developmental program during which epithelial cells acquire the characteristics of mesenchymal cells

16
Q

Endocytosis

A

General term for uptake of extracellularly material by invagination of the plasma membrane into endosomes

17
Q

Integrins

A

Large family of heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that function as adhesion receptors, promoting cell-matrix adhesion or cell to cell adhesion

18
Q

Matrix metalloproteases

A

Large family of proteolytic enzymes with metal zinc in their active sites

19
Q

Desmosomes

A

Type of cellular junction which interconnect two cells via intermediate filaments within their cytoplasm

20
Q

Fill podia

A

Tin stiff protrusions at the leading edge and elsewhere on the cellular surface

21
Q

Levels of organization

A 
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
22
Q

Organ systems

A
  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • circulatory
  • endocrine
    – lymphatic
  • digestive
  • respiratory
  • urinary
  • reproductive
23
Q

Steps in gram staining

A
  • fixation
  • crystal violet
  • iodine treatment
  • decolorisation
  • counter stain with safranin
24
Q

Types of DNA in bacteria

A
  • chromosomal DNA

- plasmid DNA

25
Q

Types of horizontal gene transfer

A
  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
26
Q

Types of bacterial motility

A
  • swarming
  • swimming
  • twitching
  • gliding
  • sliding
27
Q

Define colony

A

A population of clonal bacteria that has expanded from a single founder bacterium

28
Q

Function of virus capsid

A
  • protect genetic material
  • introduce and release genetic material into suitable cell
  • provide enzymes for life cycle and modulation of cellular physiology
29
Q

Functions of the immune system

A
  • immune recognition
  • immune effector functions
  • immune regulation
  • immune memory
30
Q

Epitope

A

The part of the antigen that interacts with the antigen receptor

31
Q

Functions of keratinocytes

A
  • waterproof barrier
  • protective barrier
  • wound healing
32
Q

Steps in viral life cycle

A
  • attachment to host cell
  • entry
  • uncoating
  • expression of genetic info
  • replication of genetic material
  • assembly
  • maturation
  • release
33
Q

Genetic mechanisms by which virus’s evolve

A
  • mutations
  • recombination
  • reassortment
34
Q

How can a new virus emerge

A
  • existing virus evolves new variant that natural host has no immunity to
  • enters naive population
  • evolves to enter a new host species

Honours 2015 (2 decks)

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