First Test Flashcards
Differentiation
A cell or tissue expressing a different number of genes to ensure cells lineage
Things that cells do
- differentiate
- create/dissociate
- proliferate
- communicate
De-differentiation
A cell chain gist gene expression to allow it to return to an original cellular state
Stems cells
Self renewing cells that can divide symmetrically to give rise to 2 daughter cells whose development potential is identical to that of the parental stem cell or asymmetrically to generate daughter cells with different developmental potentials
Transformation
- permanent alteration in the cellular genome resulting from the uptake and incorporation of a foreign DNA into host genome
- conversation of a normal mammalian cell into a cell with cancer-like properties
Trafficking
Movement of ions and molecules through the permeable cell membrane to effect intracellular signaling via specific pathways
Ligand
Any molecule, other than an enzyme substrate, that binds tightly and specifically to a macromolecule
Kinase
An enzyme that transfers the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a substrate thereby regulating protein activity if many cellular proteins
Lysis
Destruction of a cell by rupture of the plasma/cell membrane and release of the contents
Cell death
Collective term for apoptosis and necrosis
Autophagy
Process of cellular survival through the recycling of cytosolic proteins and organelles
Cell division
Separation of a cell into daughter cells through the division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Cell cycle checkpoints
Any of several checkpoints in the cell cycle at which progression of a cell the the next stage can be halted until conditions are favorable
Cyclins
Related proteins whose concentrations rise and fall during the course of the cell cycle progression
Activate and determine substrate specificity of enzymes
Constitutive
Continuous production or activity of cellular processes that is not regulated by internal or external signals
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
A developmental program during which epithelial cells acquire the characteristics of mesenchymal cells
Endocytosis
General term for uptake of extracellularly material by invagination of the plasma membrane into endosomes
Integrins
Large family of heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that function as adhesion receptors, promoting cell-matrix adhesion or cell to cell adhesion
Matrix metalloproteases
Large family of proteolytic enzymes with metal zinc in their active sites
Desmosomes
Type of cellular junction which interconnect two cells via intermediate filaments within their cytoplasm
Fill podia
Tin stiff protrusions at the leading edge and elsewhere on the cellular surface
Levels of organization
Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Organ systems
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- circulatory
- endocrine
– lymphatic - digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
- reproductive
Steps in gram staining
- fixation
- crystal violet
- iodine treatment
- decolorisation
- counter stain with safranin
Types of DNA in bacteria
- chromosomal DNA
- plasmid DNA
Types of horizontal gene transfer
- conjugation
- transformation
- transduction
Types of bacterial motility
- swarming
- swimming
- twitching
- gliding
- sliding
Define colony
A population of clonal bacteria that has expanded from a single founder bacterium
Function of virus capsid
- protect genetic material
- introduce and release genetic material into suitable cell
- provide enzymes for life cycle and modulation of cellular physiology
Functions of the immune system
- immune recognition
- immune effector functions
- immune regulation
- immune memory
Epitope
The part of the antigen that interacts with the antigen receptor
Functions of keratinocytes
- waterproof barrier
- protective barrier
- wound healing
Steps in viral life cycle
- attachment to host cell
- entry
- uncoating
- expression of genetic info
- replication of genetic material
- assembly
- maturation
- release
Genetic mechanisms by which virus’s evolve
- mutations
- recombination
- reassortment
How can a new virus emerge
- existing virus evolves new variant that natural host has no immunity to
- enters naive population
- evolves to enter a new host species
