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Chem 121 > First test > Flashcards

First test Flashcards

0
Q

Molecular formula

A

A formula that tells the identity and numbers of atoms in a molecule

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1
Q

Empirical formula

A

A formula that gives the ratios of atoms in a chemical compound

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2
Q

Chemical compounds

A

A chemical substance composed of atoms of more than one element

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3
Q

Chemical formula

A

A format for listing the number and kind of constituent elements in a compound

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4
Q

Chemical equation

A

A format for writing a chemical reaction, listing reactants on the left, products on the right, and an arrow in between them

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5
Q

Law of mass conservation

A

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

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6
Q

Law of definite proportions

A

Different samples of a pure chemical substance always contain the same proportion of elements by mass

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7
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of an element

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8
Q

Electrons

A

A negatively charged, fundamental atomic particle

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

The center core of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons

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10
Q

Protons

A

A positively charged, fundamental atomic particle in the nucleus of atoms

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11
Q

Neutrons

A

A neutral, fundamental atomic particle in the nucleus of atoms

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12
Q

Atomic number (z)

A

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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13
Q

Mass number (A)

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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14
Q

Atomic mass unit (amu)

A

A convenient unit of mass; 1/12th the mass of a (12/6) C atom

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15
Q

Atomic mass

A

The weighted average mass of an element’s naturally occurring atoms

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16
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass of 1 mol of substance; equal to the molecular or formula mass of of the substance in grams

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17
Q

Avogadro’s number (Na)

A

the number of units in a mole; 6.002x10^23

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18
Q

Mole (mol)

A

The SI unit for amount of substance; the quantity of a substance that contains as many molecules or formula units as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 (6.022x10^23)

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19
Q

Balanced equation

A

A chemical equation in which the numbers and kinds of atoms are the same on both sides of the reaction arrow

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20
Q

Formula unit

A

One unit (atom, ion, or molecule) corresponding to a given formula

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21
Q

Coefficients

A

The number placed before a formula in a chemical equation to indicate how many formula units are required to balance the equation

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22
Q

Molecular mass

A

The sum of atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule

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23
Q

Formula mass

A

The sum of atomic masses of all atoms in one formula unit of a substance.

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24
Stoichiometry
Mole/mass relationships between reactants and products
25
Percent composition
A list of elements present in a compound and the mass percent of each
26
Yield
The amount of product formed in a reaction
27
Percent yield
The amount of product actually formed in a reaction divided by the amount theoretically possible and multiplied by 100%
28
Limiting reactant
The reactant present in a limiting amount that controls the extent to which a reaction occurs
29
Solute
The dissolved substance in a solution
30
Molarity (M)
A common unit of concentration; the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
31
Isotope
Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers
32
Cation
A positively charged atom or group of atoms
33
Anion
A negatively charged atom or group of atoms
34
Titration
A procedure for determining the concentration of a solution
35
Ground-state electron configuration
The lowest energy electron configuration of an atom
36
aufbau principle
A set of rules that guides the electron filling order of orbitals in atoms
37
Radii of atoms
O
38
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
The net nuclear charge actually felt by an electron
39
Shield
O
40
Precipitation reactions
A reaction in which an insoluble solid precipitate forms and drops out of a solution
41
Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox)
A process in which one or more electrons are transferred between reaction partners
42
Electrolytes
A substance that dissolves in water to produce ions
43
Nonelectrolytes
A substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water
44
Dissociates
Splitting apart to give ions when dissolved in water
45
Strong electrolytes
A compound that dissociates completely into ions when dissolved in water
46
Weak electrolytes
A compound that dissociates incompletely when dissolved in water
47
Net ionic equation
A chemical equation written so that spectator ions are removed
48
Solubility
The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature
49
Spectator ions
An ion that appears on both sides of the reaction arrow
50
Ionic equation
A chemical equation written so that ions are explicitly shown
51
Salt
An ionic compound formed in an acid-base neutralization reaction
52
Oxidation
The loss of one or more electrons by a substance
53
Reduction
The gain of one or more electrons by a substance
54
Oxidation number
A value that measures whether an atom Ina compound is neutral, electon-rich, or electron-poor compared to an isolated atom
55
Reducing agent
A substance that causes a reduction by donating an electron
56
Oxidizing agent
A substance that causes an oxidation by accepting an electron
57
Activity series
A list of elements in order of their reducing ability in aqueous solution
58
Half-reaction method
A method for balancing redox reactions. (4.9)
59
Half-reactions
The oxidation or reduction part of a redox reaction
60
Ex of redox reactions
Combustion, bleaching, batteries, metallurgy, corrosion, respiration
61
What were rutherfords three observations?
1) 99.9% of alpha particles passed through 2) very few alpha particles rebounded 3) a few alpha particles were deflected
61
What conclusions can be drawn from rutherfords three observations?
1) atoms are mostly empty space 2) center is small and massive 3) center is positively-charged
62
Core charge
Core charge is the effective nuclear charge experienced by an outer shell electron. In other words, core charge is an expression of the attractive force experienced by the valence electrons to the core of an atom which takes into account the shielding effect of core electrons.

Chem 121 (2 decks)

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