First Test Flashcards
Pre-Civilization-
early tribal groups attributed disturbed behaviour to evil spirits
Ancient Civilizations
philosophers were first to identify conditions that are now regarded as mental illness (phobias,
depression and mania)
The Middle Ages-
Catholic Church- demonology predominated as an explanation for abnormal behaviour and mental illness;
Malleus Maleficarium(The Hammer of the Witches)- a treatise of the Catholic Church drafted to identify, interrogate, and
punish those believed to be witches in the late 1400’s
The Renaissance-
introduced the physical confinement of ”lunatics”; conditions of the hospital were far from helpful- it was
known as a place of suffering and misery and reasons for hospitalizations were questionable
The Age of Enlightenment
practices of hospitals and the government were being challenged
First Nation
(Iroquois and Huron)-Considered mental issues as an indication of an individual who had lost his/her equilibrium
with the cosmos; believed dreams were unfulfilled desires that needed to be satisfied to rid evil spirits
Lobotomies
Physicians concluded that surgery to intentionally sever the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain may be
beneficial for patients with mental illnesses; 1936- first lobotomy conducted in the US and soon became the main choice of
treatment for mental illness
Electroconvulsive Therapy
1938- A brief electrical pulse to the scalp while the patient is under anesthesia. This pulse excites
the brain cells causing them to fire in unison and produces a seizure.
Psychiatric Hospitals
Many patients were forced against their own will- all that was required was the presence of mental
illness and a recommendation for treatment; Conditions were often deplorable
Civil Rights Movement
1970’s- enactment of anti-discrimination and civil rights laws; sought to eliminate involuntary
hospitalizations unless absolutely necessary and to ensure better conditions
Psychopharmacology
The use of these drugs enabled patients to rely less on permanent care at a psychiatric hospital; Mood
Drugs- created to regulate emotional disorders, as research leaned the link between neurotransmitters in the brain and
mental illness
STIGMA
A mark or sign of disgrace or discredit; a visible sign or characteristic of disease
- The Concise Oxford Dictionary
A distinguishing mark or characteristic of a bad or objectionable kind; a sign of some specific disorder, as hysteria; a
mark made upon the skin by burning with a hot iron, as a token of infamy or subjection; a brand; a mark or disgrace
or infamy; a sign of severe censure or condemnation, regarded as impressed on a person or thing
-The Shorter Oxford Dictionary
Public stigma
Occurs when members of the general public take negative action against individuals with mental
illness
The dangerousness stereotype
Misperception that contributes to the stigma of mental illness is that that people
with an illness are inherently violent
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
depressive mood almost every day, fatigue, recurrent thoughts of death
DYSTHYMIA
less severe than MDD but longer lasting symptoms, low energy, self-esteem, chronic depression
POST PARTUM DEPRESSION
Blues, Depression, Psychosis (increases in severity)
BI-POLAR DISORDER
experiences periods of depression and elevated mood (hypomania); impulsivity during
mania, self-harm and substance use during depression
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER (SOCIAL PHOBIA)
fear of social situations
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER-
need to repeatedly check things, perform routines or think thoughts repeatedly
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
excessive and often irrational worry about events or activities
PANIC DISORDER
presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
AGORAPHOBIA
anxiety about or avoidance of places or situations that may be difficult to escape
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
constant distrust of others and suspicion that people have sinister
motives
SCHIZOPHRENIA-
characterized by abnormal social behaviour and failure to understand what is real
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER-
characterized by lack of interest in social relationships, often cold,
lacks empathy, does not experience delusions or hallucinations
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DIS0RDER-
characterized by severe anxiety, paranoia, unconventional beliefs,
delusions and hallucinations
Histrionic Personality Disorder
pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking;
extreme “drama queens
Borderline Personality Disorder-
“black and white thinking”; experiences intense and
unstable moods that shift quickly; impulsive
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
possesses a sense of entitlement and inflated self-worth
Antisocial Personality Disorder
disregard for the rights of others; violent, manipulative; lacks
remorse
Dependent Personality Disorder
subordination of one’s own needs to those of others, feels
helpless when alone, fears of inability to care for oneself, fear of abandonment
Avoidant Personality Disorder
feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to criticism;
avoidance of social situations despite desire to be close to others
Dissociative Identity Disorder
experiences the presence of two or more distinct personalities
accompanied by the inability to recall personal information; previously called Multiple Personality
Disorder
Anorexia
restriction of food; significantly low body weight; intense fear of gaining
weight; denial of low weight
Bulimia
recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging; sense of lack of self
control during binge; eats significantly large portions of food
Binge Eating
recurrent episodes of binge eating an amount larger than most
would eat; sense of lack of control when eating, feeling cannot stop
INTERACTING WITH PERSONS IN A
HALLUCINATORY/DELUSIONAL STATE
Remain aware that the delusion or hallucination is perceived as real to the subject
* Tell the person you are there to help
* Always make officer safety a major consideration
* Watch for rapid movement of the eye or head, which may indicate that the person is
visually hallucinating
* Ask the person what type of assistance he/she requires
* If the person begins to speak rapidly, request that they slow down
* Pay particular attention to the person’s non verbal messages
* If the decision is to apprehend, tell the person of your intention
RESPONSE OPTIONS WHEN DEALING WITH
PERSONS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS
NO FURTHER ACTION
* RELEASE TO FAMILY OR FRIENDS
* VOLUNTARY ADMITTANCE
* ORDER FOR EXAM BY A JUSTICE
* IMMEDIATE APPREHENSION
SECTION 33.1(3) MENTAL HEALTH ACT-
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS
The purpose of a community treatment order is to provide a person living with a
serious mental disorder with a comprehensive plan of community-based
treatment or care and supervision that is less restrictive than being detained in a
psychiatric facility.
IT provides a plan for a person who, as a result of his or her serious mental disorder
experiences this pattern: The person is admitted to a psychiatric facility where his
or her condition is usually stabilized; after being released from the facility, the
person often stops the treatment or care and supervision; the person’s condition
changes and, as a result, the person must be readmitted to a psychiatric facility
COMMUNITY TREATMENT ORDERS
Who is eligible:
- Individuals who are living with serious mental disorders and who have a
history of repeated hospitalizations and who meet the committal
criteria for the completion of an application by a physician for a
psychiatric assessment in the Mental Health Act; and - Involuntary psychiatric patients who agree to a treatment/supervision
plan as a condition of their release from a psychiatric facility to the
community.
PRE-1800’S
ALCOHOL- Used in the form of beer and berry wine pre 1640; used to treat physical and mental ailments;
Efforts to control use was in the form of taxation in the 1700’s
OPIATES- First recorded use in Egypt approx 1500; used initially as an effective medicine; some indication of
recreational use in the Arabia and China
MARIJUANA- First recorded use in China 2737 BC; used as medicine yet euphoric effect was referenced
COCAINE- Earliest recording in Peru 500 BC; used by chewing coca leaves; leaves often used as currency
HALLUCINOGENS- Most recordings from late 1700’s- mushrooms in Mexico and Siberia; Peyote used in Mexico
and USA; limited historical documentation
1800’S
ALCOHOL- problems with alcohol and alcoholism reached new levels of public awareness; prohibition was introduced and
anti-alcohol sentiments became popular
OPIATES- opium addiction became more common; profits from opium in early 1800’s became so profitable that Britain and
China fought 2 opium wars; morphine was introduced in 1806 then heroin in 1898; addiction to morphine became known as
the “soldiers disease”
MARIJUANA- Hashish was popular with French Romantics; still primarily used for medical purposes in Europe and the USA;
recreational use in USA remained limited
COCAINE- Vin Mariani (combination of coca leaf extract and wine) became popular; Coca-Cola briefly contained coca leaf
extract; commonly used as medication; Freud’s belief of “magical drug”
HALLUCINOGENS- mostly used by less civilized societies; were mostly used in religious rituals
-1900-1960
ALCOHOL- decade long prohibition in USA was not an effective means of controlling alcohol consumption; after 1933 states
started to again sell alcohol; 1935 Alcohol Anonymous was formed
OPIATES- by the mid 1920’s, legislation was passed that increased penalties for distribution and use; Harrison Narcotic Act
introduced; society started viewing those who used opium, heroin and morphine as social deviants; heroin was illegal drug
of choice
MARIJUANA- became socially unacceptable; Commissioner of Narcotics dubbed it “Assassin of Youth” which led to the
passage of the Marijuana Tax act of 1937
COCAINE- became illegal and was mostly used by artists/musicians/writers; decline after 1930’s following introduction of
amphetamines
HALLUCINOGENS- limited use beyond peyote in N.A. tribes; 1938 creation of LSD
1960’S- CURRENT
ALCOHOL- use of wine and beer increased; consumption continued to rise until mid 1980’s concerns of DUI’s, health
issues were publically acknowledged
OPIATES- drug revolution in the 1960’s led to an increase of heroin use; increased use by USA military in Vietnam;
increase of fear regarding the addictive qualities
MARIJUANA- use surged in the 1960’s; by 1980’s over 50% of high school students admitted to use; laws changed,
making possession for personal use a misdemeanor; research into dependency syndrome
COCAINE- 1970’s increase of use; was perceived still as mild and non addictive; as use increased, perceptions were
proven to be false; crack was introduced, causing significant health issues; 1980’s minor decrease likely as a result of drug
education
HALLUCINOGENS- LSD integral part of drug revolution; “Turn on and Drop out” lifestyle of hippies
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Oral- swallowed and absorbed through the stomach
Sublingual- absorbed through the tissue under the tongue
Insufflation (inhalation)- drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth
Intravenous- injected into the vein
