First Test Flashcards
What are the 5 C’s of news literacy?
Creation, Content, Context, Circulation, Consumption.
What is epistemology?
The study of knowledge and how people justify beliefs.
Describe “journalism’s way of knowing.”
Journalism’s process of determining truth based on evidence and verification, understanding that truth is provisional.
What is meant by the “Discipline of Verification”?
Journalists must rigorously check facts, verify sources, and ensure clarity, opposing the acceptance of unchecked information.
What are the key types of journalism models (from Kovach & Rosenstiel’s Blur)?
Journalism of Verification
Journalism of Assertion
Journalism of Affirmation
Interest-Group Journalism
Journalism of Verification
Focus on accuracy and evidence.
Journalism of Assertion
Focus on immediacy over accuracy.
Journalism of Affirmation
Reinforces audience preconceptions.
Interest-Group Journalism
Agenda-driven, often funded by special interests
Explain journalistic truth as a statement of what is most probable.
journalistic truth evolves based on available evidence at the time and may change with new data (e.g., COVID-19 updates).
What are the key elements of journalism according to Craft & Davis (p. 34)?
Transparent, independent process aimed at gathering, verifying, and reporting truthful information for democracy.
What criteria are often used to select/feature sources for a news story (Harcup)?
Reliability, authority, trustworthiness, articulateness, and official status.
What are the ideal reasons for using anonymous sources?
To protect whistleblowers or individuals at risk of harm, used only for vital stories.
What are the distinctions between “on the record,” “off the record,” “on background,” and “deep background”?
On the record: Full attribution allowed.
Off the record: Information cannot be used.
On background: Information can be published without naming the source.
Deep background: Information can be used without any attribution.
What are the different facets of engaged journalism?
Engaged journalism involves treating the community as partners and emphasizing public service over clicks.
imagined audiences tend to be based on what?
Journalists’ social circles, like friends, family, or frequent sources.
What are the basic tenets of democracy?
A representative government with free elections, freedom of expression, and an independent judiciary.
What are the key elements of “engaged journalism” (Craft & Davis, p. 58)?
Collaboration with the community, treating them as active participants rather than passive consumers.
What are the five needs of a democracy?
Information dissemination, accountability, representation, deliberation, conflict resolution.
What do the metaphors of a mirror, watchdog, and marketplace represent in journalism?
Mirror: Reflects society.
Watchdog: Exposes corruption.
Marketplace: Provides a space for diverse ideas.
What are the four key traits of a newspaper (according to Mindich)?
Public availability, regular publication, variety of content, consistent formatting.
What did Baldasty mean by contrasting views of the audience as voters vs. consumers?
Audiences can be seen as voters to inform or as consumers to entertain and sell to.
What are the key stages of press?
Government monopoly
Partisan era
Commercial press era
