First Test

Question 1

What are the 5 C’s of news literacy?

Answer 1

Creation, Content, Context, Circulation, Consumption.

Question 2

What is epistemology?

Answer 2

The study of knowledge and how people justify beliefs.

Question 3

Describe “journalism’s way of knowing.”

Answer 3

Journalism’s process of determining truth based on evidence and verification, understanding that truth is provisional.

Question 4

What is meant by the “Discipline of Verification”?

Answer 4

Journalists must rigorously check facts, verify sources, and ensure clarity, opposing the acceptance of unchecked information.

Question 5

What are the key types of journalism models (from Kovach & Rosenstiel’s Blur)?

Answer 5

Journalism of Verification

Journalism of Assertion

Journalism of Affirmation

Interest-Group Journalism

Question 6

Journalism of Verification

Answer 6

Focus on accuracy and evidence.

Question 7

Journalism of Assertion

Answer 7

Focus on immediacy over accuracy.

Question 8

Journalism of Affirmation

Answer 8

Reinforces audience preconceptions.

Question 9

Interest-Group Journalism

Answer 9

Agenda-driven, often funded by special interests

Question 10

Explain journalistic truth as a statement of what is most probable.

Answer 10

journalistic truth evolves based on available evidence at the time and may change with new data (e.g., COVID-19 updates).

Question 11

What are the key elements of journalism according to Craft & Davis (p. 34)?

Answer 11

Transparent, independent process aimed at gathering, verifying, and reporting truthful information for democracy.

Question 12

What criteria are often used to select/feature sources for a news story (Harcup)?

Answer 12

Reliability, authority, trustworthiness, articulateness, and official status.

Question 13

What are the ideal reasons for using anonymous sources?

Answer 13

To protect whistleblowers or individuals at risk of harm, used only for vital stories.

Question 14

What are the distinctions between “on the record,” “off the record,” “on background,” and “deep background”?

Answer 14

On the record: Full attribution allowed.

Off the record: Information cannot be used.

On background: Information can be published without naming the source.

Deep background: Information can be used without any attribution.

Question 15

What are the different facets of engaged journalism?

Answer 15

Engaged journalism involves treating the community as partners and emphasizing public service over clicks.

Question 16

imagined audiences tend to be based on what?

Answer 16

Journalists’ social circles, like friends, family, or frequent sources.

Question 17

What are the basic tenets of democracy?

Answer 17

A representative government with free elections, freedom of expression, and an independent judiciary.

Question 18

What are the key elements of “engaged journalism” (Craft & Davis, p. 58)?

Answer 18

Collaboration with the community, treating them as active participants rather than passive consumers.

Question 19

What are the five needs of a democracy?

Answer 19

Information dissemination, accountability, representation, deliberation, conflict resolution.

Question 20

What do the metaphors of a mirror, watchdog, and marketplace represent in journalism?

Answer 20

Mirror: Reflects society.

Watchdog: Exposes corruption.

Marketplace: Provides a space for diverse ideas.

Question 21

What are the four key traits of a newspaper (according to Mindich)?

Answer 21

Public availability, regular publication, variety of content, consistent formatting.

Question 22

What did Baldasty mean by contrasting views of the audience as voters vs. consumers?

Answer 22

Audiences can be seen as voters to inform or as consumers to entertain and sell to.

Question 23

What are the key stages of press?

Answer 23

Government monopoly
Partisan era
Commercial press era