first test

Question 1

1. If counselors hide behind the safety of their professional role, their clients will likely keep themselves hidden in therapy.
   T
   F

Answer 1

True

Question 2

2. Empirical research strongly and consistently supports the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes.
   T
   F

Answer 2

true

Question 3

3. Clients place more value on the specific techniques used rather than on the personality of the therapist.
   T
   F

Answer 3

false

Question 4

4. Meta-analyses of studies on therapeutic effectiveness have shown that techniques have relatively little effect on therapeutic outcome.
   T
   F

Answer 4

true

Question 5

5. As a therapist, it is your function to persuade clients to accept or adopt your value system because it has been perfected through years of training.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 5

false

Question 6

6. It is impossible for human beings to maintain a sense of objectivity; thus, therapists who attempt to maintain objectivity are fooling themselves.
   T
   F

Answer 6

false

Question 7

7. If clients express a desire for you to give them answers, you should do so.
   T
   F

Answer 7

false

Question 8

8. It is a professional obligation, not an ethical obligation, for counselors to develop a sensitivity to their clients’ cultural differences.
   T
   F

Answer 8

false

Question 9

9. Most beginning counselors have ambivalent feelings when meeting their first clients.
   T
   F

Answer 9

true

Question 10

10. Judging the appropriate amount of self-disclosure is only a problem for new counselors.
    T
    F

Answer 10

false

Question 11

11. Counselors who leave their reactions and selves out of their clinical work
12. are likely to be ineffective counselors and merely technical experts.
13. are most likely psychodynamic practitioners who are creating the analytic framework.
14. are definitely practicing in an unethical manner and might be violating laws depending on the state in which they are practicing.
15. have mastered setting good boundaries in therapy.

Answer 11

are likely to be ineffective counselors and merely technical experts

Question 12

12. Which of the following statements about effective counselors is NOT true?
13. Effective counselors have the courage to leave the security of the known if they are not satisfied with the way they are.
14. Effective counselors feel adequate with others and allow others to feel powerful with them.
15. Effective counselors are certain that their knowledge about human nature is correct and feel obligated to steer their clients away from making poor decisions.
16. Effective counselors are committed to living fully rather than settling for mere existence

Answer 12

3. Effective counselors are certain that their knowledge about human nature is correct and feel obligated to steer their clients away from making poor decisions.

Question 13

13. refer to aspects such as the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors.
14. Technical factors
15. Contextual factors
16. Subjective factors
17. Phenomenological factors

Answer 13

2. Contextual factors

Question 14

14. There is considerable evidence indicating that the ________of the psychotherapist is inextricably intertwined with the outcome of psychotherapy.
15. décor of the office
16. socioeconomic status
17. person
18. genetic makeup
19. general attractiveness

Answer 14

3. person

Question 15

15. Linda, a licensed therapist with strong negative opinions about homosexuality and gay marriage, believes that her clients Joe and Robert should dissolve their relationship and give heterosexuality a chance. Linda is
16. being true to her own values; thus, her advice to Joe and Robert is ethical.
17. behaving in an illegal manner.
18. not maintaining an objective stance and seems to be encapsulated by her worldview.
19. qualified to assess whether or not Joe and Robert should remain a couple because she is licensed.

Answer 15

3. not maintaining an objective stance and seems to be encapsulated by her worldview.

Question 16

16. Yi-Lung, a recent immigrant from Taiwan, has been encouraged by his American girlfriend to join her in couples counseling. During the first session, Yi-Lung seems reluctant to self-disclose and admits that he does not believe counseling is the best way for them to address their problems. The counselor should
17. try to understand how Yi-Lung perceives the value of formal helping.
18. realize that Yi-Lung may have different expectations about the helping process based on his cultural background.
19. take Yi-Lung’s degree of acculturation into account when working with him and his girlfriend.
20. do all of these

Answer 16

1. try to understand how Yi-Lung perceives the value of formal helping.

Question 17

17. Which of the following statements about therapeutic goals is true?
18. Setting goals is inextricably related to values.
19. Clients initially tend to have a clear sense of what they expect from therapy.
20. The exploration of what a client wants from therapy should rarely be discussed during the first few sessions because it can feel overwhelming to him or her.
21. A client who lacks therapeutic goals does not belong in therapy.

Answer 17

1. Setting goals is inextricably related to values.

Question 18

18. A counselor trainee makes the following comment in class: “I would never work with a counselor who has been a client in counseling! If they can’t handle their own problems, how could they possibly be effective in helping others?” What would be an appropriate response on the part of the instructor?
19. “Our own work as a client can teach us valuable lessons about how to creatively facilitate deeper levels of self-exploration in clients. And it tends to increase our appreciation for the courage our clients display in their therapeutic journeys.”
20. “You’re right! Counselors who need counseling are probably unstable and should not interact with clients.”
21. “I can’t believe we admitted you into this training program. You should be ashamed of yourself for saying that.”
22. “Well, I have been in counseling. Are you suggesting that I am ineffective?”

Answer 18

1. “Our own work as a client can teach us valuable lessons about how to creatively facilitate deeper levels of self-exploration in clients. And it tends to increase our appreciation for the courage our clients display in their therapeutic journeys.”

Question 19

19. Yolanda, a therapist specializing in working with adolescents, told a young pregnant client to strongly consider giving her child up for adoption. In Yolanda’s words: “Certainly you don’t want to eliminate the possibility of going to college and ruin your future by having a child at such a young age, right?” Yolanda is
20. doing the client a favor by being direct and offering her guidance.
21. exerting influence and imposing her values on the client.
22. merely exposing her own values, and thus, is behaving ethically.
23. surely projecting her own life story onto the client

Answer 19

2. exerting influence and imposing her values on the client.

Question 20

20. Understanding the sociopolitical system of which clients are a part is
21. something that only social workers do.
22. a requirement only for those who want to specialize in social justice issues.
23. necessary in order to become multiculturally competent.
24. not important for therapists working in private practice.

Answer 20

3. necessary in order to become multiculturally competent.

Question 21

21. Counselors _______ must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and also about persons from diverse groups.
22. from all cultural groups
23. from oppressed cultural groups
24. residing in affluent areas
25. who received their training from nonaccredited programs

Answer 21

1. from all cultural groups

Question 22

22. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for increasing your effectiveness with clients from diverse backgrounds?
23. Learn more about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving.
24. Learn to pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds.
25. Use a one-size-fits-all approach in your clinical work.
26. Examine where you obtained your knowledge about culture.

Answer 22

3. Use a one-size-fits-all approach in your clinical work.

Question 23

23. Tom plans to work with clients who are mandated by the courts to receive counseling. Considering they will be involuntary clients, Tom should
24. not expect change to occur.
25. not be too concerned about the informed consent process because confidentiality will not be an issue.
26. make sure that he prepares them well for the process.
27. plan to counter their resistance with promises of dramatic change in order to instill hope in them.

Answer 23

3. make sure that he prepares them well for the process.

Question 24

24. Students willing to risk making mistakes in supervised learning situations and willing to reveal their self-doubts
25. will find a direction that leads to growth.
26. will be perceived poorly by their clinical supervisor.
27. are probably too impulsive and should develop better boundaries.
28. will be stifled in the long run; thus, they should modify their approach to learning.

Answer 24

1. will find a direction that leads to growth.

Question 25

1. Mandatory ethics is a higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interests of clients.
   T
   F

Answer 25

false

Question 26

2. It is unethical for us to meet our personal needs through our professional work.
   T
   F

Answer 26

false

Question 27

3. Professional codes of ethics educate counseling practitioners and the general public about the responsibilities of the profession and provide a basis for accountability.
   T
   F

Answer 27

true

Question 28

4. It is a mistake to equate behaving legally with being ethical.
   T
   F

Answer 28

true

Question 29

5. Looking at the relevant ethics codes for general guidance is the last step one should take when faced with an ethical problem.
   T
   F

Answer 29

false

Question 30

6. Informed consent is an ethical requirement that is an integral part of the therapeutic process; however, it is not a legal requirement.
   T
   F

Answer 30

false

Question 31

7. Informed consent is a positive approach that helps clients become active partners and true collaborators in their therapy.
   T
   F

Answer 31

true

Question 32

8. Privileged communication is a legal concept that generally bars the disclosure of confidential communications in a legal proceeding.
   T
   F

Answer 32

true

Question 33

9. In reasoning through any ethical dilemma, there is usually just one course of action to follow.
   T
   F

Answer 33

false

Question 34

10. The central aim of evidence-based practice is to require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy.
    T
    F

Answer 34

true

Question 35

11. Which of the following statements about diagnosis is NOT true?
12. Diagnosis is the analysis and explanation of a client’s problems.
13. Diagnosis is always a part of the assessment process in counseling.
14. Diagnosis consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms.
15. None of these (they are all true).

Answer 35

2. Diagnosis is always a part of the assessment process in counseling

Question 36

12. What is the primary rationale for conducting a comprehensive assessment of the client as the initial step in the therapeutic process?
13. Specific counseling goals cannot be formulated and appropriate treatment strategies cannot be designed until a client’s past and present functioning is understood.
14. Conducting a comprehensive assessment of the client offers inexperienced therapists a concrete framework from which to practice. Seasoned clinicians rarely use this approach because they can quickly assess the client’s problem.
15. Insurance companies require clinicians to submit a comprehensive assessment of the client in order to fully reimburse them for services.
16. Those who conduct comprehensive assessments of their clients are protected from being sued for malpractice.

Answer 36

1. Specific counseling goals cannot be formulated and appropriate treatment strategies cannot be designed until a client’s past and present functioning is understood.

Question 37

13. What does the acronym DSM stand for?
14. Deviance and Sociopathy Manual
15. Developmental and Statistical Measurement of Mental Disorders
16. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
17. Diagnostic and Statistical Measurement Reference Guide

Answer 37

3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 38

14. Kendra is a biracial client who presents as being reserved and passive and who makes minimal eye contact. Her therapist should
15. consider that Kendra’s behavior and mannerisms may reflect distinctive ethnic and cultural patterns.
16. diagnose Kendra as being depressed.
17. view Kendra’s behavior as resistance to the therapeutic process.
18. confront Kendra immediately to ensure that future sessions are more productive.

Answer 38

1. consider that Kendra’s behavior and mannerisms may reflect distinctive ethnic and cultural patterns.

Question 39

15. Generally speaking, the concept of privileged communication does NOT apply to
16. group counseling.
17. couples counseling and family therapy.
18. child and adolescent therapy.
19. any of these.

Answer 39

4. any of these.

Question 40

16. David is a counselor trainee who is working in a mental health center under the supervision of Dr. Garcia. To behave in an ethical manner, David should
17. inform his clients at the outset of counseling that he plans to consult with his supervisor Dr. Garcia to ensure that he is providing them with high-quality care.
18. not reveal to his clients that he is a trainee under supervision so as to prevent them from questioning his competence, which could undermine the therapeutic process.
19. ask Dr. Garcia to sit in on every session he conducts to ensure that he is developing competence.
20. refuse to work with actual clients until he is a highly competent therapist.

Answer 40

1. inform his clients at the outset of counseling that he plans to consult with his supervisor Dr. Garcia to ensure that he is providing them with high-quality care.

Question 41

17. Ethics codes
18. are intended to provide ready-made answers for the ethical dilemmas that practitioners will encounter.
19. are becoming so specific that they have nearly eliminated the need for practitioners to use critical thinking skills and clinical judgment when faced with ethical issues.
20. are best used as guidelines to formulate sound reasoning and serve practitioners in making the best judgments possible.
21. are so general that they are of little, if any, use to clinicians.

Answer 41

3. are best used as guidelines to formulate sound reasoning and serve practitioners in making the best judgments possible.

Question 42

18. Paula recently discovered that two clients she sees individually had a stormy relationship in the past. She is wondering whether she can remain objective in working with them. Paula should
19. look at the relevant ethics codes for general guidance on the matter.
20. brainstorm various possible courses of action.
21. discuss options with other professionals to get their perspectives.
22. do all of these.

Answer 42

4. do all of these.

Question 43

19. When the author uses the term multiple relationships, he is referring to
20. dual relationships and nonprofessional relationships.
21. the large caseloads of therapists.
22. the pattern that some clients have of cheating on their significant others and juggling several relationships at once.
23. serial monogamy.

Answer 43

dual relationships and nonprofessional relationships.

Question 44

20. In many mental health settings, clinicians are pressured to use interventions that
21. tap into unconscious dynamics.
22. are research-supported even if they are lengthy.
23. are brief and standardized.
24. focus on early childhood experiences.

Answer 44

3. are brief and standardized.

Question 45

21. Which of the following is NOT one of the three pillars of EBP?
22. looking for the best available research
23. relying on the best available legal advice
24. relying on clinical expertise
25. taking into consideration the client’s characteristics, culture, and preferences.

Answer 45

2. relying on the best available legal advice

Question 46

22. Which of the following accounts for more of the treatment outcome?
23. the therapist’s theoretical orientation
24. the therapeutic method employed
25. client factors
26. the duration of treatment

Answer 46

3. client factors

Question 47

23. The ACA Code of Ethics stresses that counseling professionals must learn how to
24. manage multiple roles and responsibilities in an ethical way.
25. eliminate multiple roles altogether in order to keep boundaries from becoming blurred.
26. sensitively confront colleagues who are juggling multiple roles.
27. file ethics complaints when they witness a colleague engaging in various professional roles.

Answer 47

1. manage multiple roles and responsibilities in an ethical way.

Question 48

24. Except for , which is unequivocally unethical, there is not much consensus regarding the appropriate way to deal with multiple relationships.
25. socializing with clients
26. sexual intimacy with current clients
27. bartering with clients (such as trading goods for services)
28. sexual attraction to clients

Answer 48

2. sexual intimacy with current clients

Question 49

25. Dr. Hernandez has been invited to the wedding of her client Cynthia. If she accepts the invitation,
26. Dr. Hernandez will be committing a boundary violation.
27. Dr. Hernandez will be engaging in a boundary crossing.
28. Dr. Hernandez will be acting unethically.
29. Dr. Hernandez will be breaking the law and could spend some time in jail.

Answer 49

2. Dr. Hernandez will be engaging in a boundary crossing.

Question 50

1. The psychosocial perspective is not at all compatible with the psychosexual view of development.
   T
   F

Answer 50

false

Question 51

2. Children who do not experience the opportunity to differentiate self from others may later develop a narcissistic personality disorder.
   T
   F

Answer 51

true

Question 52

3. The contemporary trends in psychoanalytic theory are reflected in object-relations theory, the self psychology model, and the relational model.
   T
   F

Answer 52

true

Question 53

4. Brief psychodynamic therapists assume a neutral therapeutic stance as a way to promote transference.
   T
   F

Answer 53

false

Question 54

5. Analytic therapy is oriented toward achieving insight.
   T
   F

Answer 54

true

Question 55

6. Working through is achieved almost totally by catharsis, including getting out deeply buried emotions.
   T
   F

Answer 55

false

Question 56

7. From the Freudian perspective, resistance is typically a conscious process.
   T
   F

Answer 56

true

Question 57

8. The contemporary psychoanalytic approaches place emphasis on the unconscious, the role of transference and countertransference, and the importance of early life experiences.
   T
   F

Answer 57

true

Question 58

9. Object-relations theorists focus on symbiosis, separation, differentiation, and integration.
   T
   F

Answer 58

true

Question 59

10. Object-relations theory emphasizes early development as a decisive factor influencing later development.
    T
    F

Answer 59

true

Question 60

11. Who of the following is NOT considered an object-relations theorist?
12. Heinz Kohut
13. Margaret Mahler
14. Otto Kernberg
15. Erik Erikson

Answer 60

4. Erik Erikson

Question 61

12. Which of the following is NOT considered a contemporary psychoanalytic approach?
13. object-relations theory
14. self psychology
15. relational psychoanalysis
16. classical psychoanalysis

Answer 61

4. classical psychoanalysis

Question 62

13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the newer psychoanalytic thinking?
14. Emphasis is on the origins, transformations, and organizational functions of the self.
15. The contrasting experiences of others is highlighted.
16. People are classified as compliant, aggressive, or detached types.
17. Focus is on the differentiations between and integration of the self and others.
18. Early development is seen as critical to understanding later development.

Answer 62

3. People are classified as compliant, aggressive, or detached types.

Question 63

14. All of the following are concepts developed by Carl Jung except
15. the shadow.
16. normal infantile autism.
17. animus and anima.
18. collective unconscious.
19. archetypes.

Answer 63

2. normal infantile autism.

Question 64

15. According to Erikson’s psychosocial view, the struggle between industry & inferiority occurs
16. adolescence.
17. old age.
18. school age.
19. infancy.
20. middle age.

Answer 64

3. school age.

Question 65

16. Erikson’s preschool-age phase corresponds to which Freudian stage?
17. oral
18. anal
19. phallic
20. latency
21. genital

Answer 65

3. phallic

Question 66

17. Which term refers to the repetition of interpretations and the overcoming of resistance so that clients can resolve neurotic patterns?
18. working through
19. transference
20. countertransference
21. catharsis
22. acting out

Answer 66

1. working through

Question 67

18. Analysis of transference is central to psychoanalysis because it
19. keeps the therapist hidden and thus feeling secure.
20. allows clients to relive their past in therapy and to gain insight.
21. helps clients formulate specific plans to change behavior.
22. is considered the only way to get at unconscious material.
23. is the best way to understand one’s lifestyle.

Answer 67

2. allows clients to relive their past in therapy and to gain insight.

Question 68

19. In brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT) the therapist
20. assumes a nondirective and even passive role.
21. deals exclusively with a single presenting problem.
22. assumes an active role in quickly formulating a therapeutic focus that goes beyond the surface of presenting problems.
23. avoids treating any underlying issue

Answer 68

2. deals exclusively with a single presenting problem.

Question 69

20. With respect to applying the psychoanalytic approach to group counseling, which statement(s) is (are) true?
21. In psychodynamic therapy groups, members re-create their social situations, implying that the group becomes a microcosm of their everyday lives.
22. Members can profit from identifying and exploring their transferences within the group.
23. Projections onto the therapist and other members provide a clue to a member’s unresolved conflicts.
24. One’s ways of relating within the group provides clues to patterns outside of the group.
25. All of the above.

Answer 69

5. All of the above.

Question 70

21. Borderline and narcissistic disorders have been given much attention by
22. traditional psychoanalysis.
23. Jungian therapy.
24. object-relations theory.
25. Erikson’s developmental approach.

Answer 70

3. object-relations theory.

Question 71

22. During psychoanalytic treatment, clients are typically asked
23. to monitor their behavioral changes by keeping a journal that describes what they do at home and at work.
24. to make major changes in their lifestyle.
25. not to make radical changes in their lifestyle.
26. to give up their friendships.

Answer 71

3. not to make radical changes in their lifestyle

Question 72

23. Countertransference refers to
24. the irrational reactions clients have toward their therapists.
25. the irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients.
26. the projections of the client.
27. the client’s need to be special in the therapist’s eyes.
28. all except (a).

Answer 72

2. the irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients.

Question 73

24. “Maintaining the analytic framework” refers to
25. the whole range of procedural factors in the treatment process.
26. the analyst’s relative anonymity.
27. agreement on the payment of fees.
28. the regularity and consistency of meetings.
29. all of the above.

Answer 73

5. all of the above.

Question 74

25. In psychoanalytic therapy (as opposed to classical analysis), which of the following procedures is least likely to be used?
26. the client lying on the couch
27. working with transference feelings
28. relating present struggles with past events
29. working with dreams
30. interpretation of resistance

Answer 74

1. the client lying on the couch

Question 75

What is Counselling?

Answer 75

Counselling is the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self- knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources.

Question 76

explain the ‘Who-How-Whom’ Factor

Answer 76

Who (The person of the therapist) - who am I as a therapist?
• How (The theoretical orientation of the therapist, which guides their interventions and interactions)
• Whom (The person of the client)

Question 77

define Integral Theoretical Pluralism

Answer 77

• Acquire an appreciation for differing explanations for the same phenomena.

Question 78

define Intersectionality

Answer 78

referring to the points of identity that make us who we are and the fact that we’re never just one thing. Your never just a woman and completely influence by that. Your also influenced by your education, family etc…this contributes to the Intersectionality of who you are as a person

Question 79

define - Cultural safety

Answer 79

is more of a social justice act because it recognizes power differences in society caused by things like structural racism, structural oppression, and it helps your client through liberation.

Question 80

define Ethnocentrism

Answer 80

• relates to what I’m already talking about here. When we view and judge people through the lens of our own cultural conditioning.

Question 81

define Microaggressions

Answer 81

• When we actually utter these discriminatory remarks that are subtle but that are still painful for someone, are still hurtful for someone to receive. Oftentimes they’re unintentional remarks

Question 82

name the 5 core Ethical Principles (CPA, BCACC, CCPA)

Answer 82

• Respect for the dignity of persons
• Welfare of clients
• Responsible caring
• Beneficence: promoting the welfare of the client
• Non-maleficence: no intentional harm
• Integrity in relationships
• Fidelity: Honouring commitments to clients and maintaining integrity in counselling relationship
• Responsibility to society
• Autonomy

Question 83

name the 5 Limits to Confidentiality

Answer 83

• The client poses a danger to self or others
• Duty to warn
• A child or other vulnerable person is in need of protection
• Subpoena
• Communication with a 3rd party at the client’s request

Question 84

define scientific determinism

Answer 84

which is essentially the idea that we are determined, our lives are determined preordained by our biology.

Question 85

Split Brain Patient - which bundle of nerves do they cut – treatment for different mental health/neurological challenges

Answer 85

Corpus collosum

Question 86

freud thought that we carried these 2 instincts and drives, what are they?

Answer 86

EROS - Life Instincts – oriented towards growth, development and creativity (includes but not limited to libido)
THANATOS - Death Instincts – oriented towards aggression and destruction of self and/or others

Question 87

define • Reality Anxiety

Answer 87

Fear of danger from external world is proportionate to actual threat (climate crisis, its real)

Question 88

define Neurotic & Moral Anxiety

Answer 88

Evoked by threats to “balance of power” within the person – i.e. threatening the ego’s control

Question 89

name Freuds 5 stages

Answer 89

First year: ORAL STAGE

Ages 1-3: ANAL STAGE

Ages 3-6: PHALLIC STAGE

Ages 6-12: LATENCY STAGE

Ages 12-60: GENITAL STAGE