FIRST TERM EXAM REVIEWER Flashcards
The study of the changes in cells, tissues, organs, and the body that occur throughout life.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
The study of the ontogenic development of
organisms,i.e. from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism’s resemblance of its mature
form.
EMBRYOLOGY
The development of an organism from fertilization up
to the time till death.
ONTOGENY
The study of the evolutionary development of
groups of organisms based on shared genetic and
anatomical characteristics.
PHYLOGENY
The early developmental form of an individual,
without a definite recognizable head, body or limbs.
EMBRYO
An organism on its advanced development
wherein a recognizable bodily form is clearly
visible.
FETUS
NEONATE
A newborn of less than four weeks old.
• Embryonic stage
• Fertilization
• Cleavage
• Gastrulation
• Organogenesis
• Postembryonic stage
• Adulthood
STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE
• Gametogenesis
• Fertilization
• Cleavage
• Gastrulation
• Organogenesis
• Growth and Histological Differentiation
PHASES OF ONTOGENIC DEVELOPMENT
• Observed that the embryo develops its organ
systems gradually.
• Described the fetal membranes and umbilical cord in cattle.
• Described the concepts of oviparity
(OVIPAROUS), viviparity (VIVIPAROUS) and
ovoviviparity (OVOVIVIPAROUS).
• Noted the two major patterns of cell division in
early development: meroblastic and holoblastic.
ARISTOTLE
• De Formato Foetu
• Described and illustrated gross anatomy of
embryos and their membranes.
HIERONYMUS FABRICIUS
• Published illustrations of dog and sheep embryos.
BARTOLOMEO EUSTACHIUS
• Published the first microscopic account of chick
development, identifying the neural groove, somites
and blood flow to the yolk sac.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI
• First to observe the blastoderm of the chick
embryo and to indicate that blood islands form
before the heart does.
WILLIAM HARVEY
• Performed detailed studies of the female
reproductive organs, especially the ovary.
• Considered mammalian antral follicles to be the
eggs.
REGNIER DE GRAAF
• The ‘most distinguished and influential of the early nineteenth century embryologists’.
• Proposed that all vertebrate embryos pass a stage
wherein they are anatomically similar.
• Seen in 18 day dog, 24 day cow and 48-60 hour chick
embryos.
KARL ERNST VON BAER
• First scientist to actually see the mammalian egg.
• Showed that the three layers were not merely a
feature of the chick but were universal in
vertebrates.
• Discovered the notochord.
KARL ERNST VON BAER
• First to report having seen moving spermatozoa.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
• Demonstrated how the gut arises from the folding
of an originally indifferent flat tissue.
CASPAR FRIEDRICH WOLFF
• Made the first description of the germ layers
(ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) in the chick.
• Organs were not formed from a single germ layer.
CHRISTIAN PANDER
• First to describe the pharyngeal arches.
• Studied the comparative embryology in frogs,
salamanders, fish, birds and mammals.
MARTIN HEINRICH RATHKE
• Detailed observation on the initial cleavage stages
in rabbit.
THEODOR LUDWIG WILHELM VON
BISCHOFF
• Detailed observation on the initial cleavage stages
in man.
• Published the first textbook on embryology in man
and higher animals.
RUDOLPH ALBERT VON KOLLIKER
• Proposed germ cell plasm theory.
AUGUST WEISMANN
• The most influential of the late nineteenth century
embryologists.
• Often called the ‘Father of Experimental
Embryology.
WILHELM ROUX
• Conducted the first nuclear transfer experiment.
• Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology of
Medicine for his discovery of embryonic induction.
HANS SPEMANN
• Demonstrated the relationship between
chromosomes and sex.
EDMUND BEECHER WILSON & NETTIE
MARIA STEVENS
• Tested the totipotency of the nucleus.
• Produced the first blastocyst from nuclear transfer.
ROBERT BRIGGS & THOMAS KING
• His work resulted in the first mammal to be born
after cloning by nuclear transfer.
STEEN MALTE WILLADSEN
• Birth of the transgenic sheep, Dolly.
KEITH CAMBELL &
IAN WILMUT
• Outermost or upper layer of cells.
• Gives rise to the epidermis, nervous tissue and
some skeletal and connective tissue of the head.
ECTODERM
• Deepest or innermost layer of cells that lines the
digestive, respiratory tract and those organs
associated to digestion.
ENDODERM
• The middle layer of cells.
• Forms most of the muscles and skeletal tissues,
urogenital system and the heart and blood vessels.
MESODERM
• Precursor of all connective and muscle tissues and
is component of all organs except the CNS.
MESENCHYME
• Segmented mesoderm located beneath the neural
tube and on either side of the notochord.
• Each segment is called somite which gives rise to
the axial skeleton and voluntary muscles.
PARAXIAL MESODERM
• Mesoderm located lateral to the paraxial
mesoderm which will give rise to the urogenital
structures.
INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
• Mesoderm that extends around the gut and
beneath the surface ectoderm to the ventral midline.
• Splits to divide into outer parietal and inner
splanchnic layer to form a cavity called coelom.
LATERAL MESODERM
• Hollow tube located in the dorsal midline beneath
the ectoderm.
NEURAL TUBE