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Introduction to Linguistics > First Term > Flashcards

First Term Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of language, according to Boey (1975) since it observes and follows a process.

A

Linguistics

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2
Q

Linguistics is also defined as the discipline which studies human language, according to Widdowson, 1996. True or False?

A

True

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3
Q

This is the characteristic of language that is special to humans alone.

A

Species-specific

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4
Q

___________ is a social science that shares a common ground with other social sciences.

A

Linguistics

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5
Q

This is a social science that focuses on psychology and linguistics combined.

A

Psycholinguistics

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6
Q

This is a social science focused on the study of humans.

A

Anthropology

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7
Q

This is a social science which focuses on the study of history.

A

Sociology

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8
Q

If Sociology is the study of society, then what is Archaeology?

A

Study of History

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9
Q

Linguistics can never influence other disciplines. True or False?

A

False

*Linguistics may influence other disciplines

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10
Q

Why is linguistics considered as a cognitive science?

A

Because it involves and develops thinking, knowledge, etc.

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11
Q

This branch of science under Linguistics as a cognitive science studies how the human brain functions with regards to language.

A

Neurolinguistics

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12
Q

What are the 3 objectives of linguistics?

A
  1. To describe and explain the complexities of language
  2. To discover the universals concerning language
  3. To place the elements in a theoretical framework that will describe all languages and determine which cannot occur in a language.
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13
Q

This objective of linguistics is comprised of the varieties and systems that make the language complex. It is not concerned with the prescriptive rules of language and focuses on the nature and complexities of language.

A

To describe and explain the complexities of language

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14
Q

What does “universals” mean in linguistics?

A

Common elements in all languages

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15
Q

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native language is different.

A

Lingua Franca

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16
Q

This objective of linguistics mean that a wide variety of people know it, focuses more on syntax/grammar, phonology, morphology, and semantics.

A

To discover the universals concerning language

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17
Q

Who are the two main proponents in the scope of linguistics?

A
  1. Ferdinand de Saussure
  2. Noam Chomsky
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18
Q

Who introduced the terms “langue” and “parole?”

A

Ferdinand de Saussure

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19
Q

This refers to the shared social code, the abstract system, and universals.

A

Langue

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20
Q

This refers to the particular actualities of individual utterances, and the demonstration, practice, or application of knowledge.

A

Parole

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21
Q

This refers to the changes in language over time.

A

Diachronic

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22
Q

This refers to the changes in language in a particular time.

A

Synchronic

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23
Q

He introduced the concepts of competence and performance.

A

Noam Chomsky

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24
Q

This is the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations. Or in other words, the knowledge of grammatical form, of syntax.

A

Competence

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25
Q

According to Chomsky, this is the actual behavior of native speakers.

A

Performance

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26
Q

What are the two important concepts under Competence?

A

Knowledge and Ability

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27
Q

This is the executive branch of competence which enables us to achieve meaning by putting our knowledge to work.

A

Ability

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28
Q

To be able to be communicative competent, one must be able to have knowledge, but not necessarily ability. True or False?

A

False

*To be Communicative Competent, one must have both knowledge and ability.

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29
Q

What are the 5 Types of Communicative Competence?

A
  1. Linguistic Competence
  2. Sociolinguistic Competence
  3. Discourse Competence
  4. Strategic Competence
  5. Pragmatic Competence
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30
Q

This refers to one’s knowledge on the language, the building blocks of language such as syntax, semantics, etc.

A

Linguistic Competence

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31
Q

This refers to the ability to communicate appropriately towards a specific topic, setting, and relationship.

A

Sociolinguistic Competence

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32
Q

This refers to understanding and interpreting beyond the sentence, understanding the bigger context, and organization of ideas.

A

Discourse Competence

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33
Q

What are the two important concepts under discourse competence?

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Coherence
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34
Q

This refers to the ability to organize ideas, the oneness or unity of the ideas.

A

Coherence

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35
Q

This refers to how one is able to connect different but related ideas together.

A

Cohesion

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36
Q

Sometimes, even without cohesion, the ideas are coherent. True or False?

A

True

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37
Q

This is the type of competence referring to the strategies one uses to overcome what one lacks in communication.

A

Strategic Competence

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38
Q

This is a strategy in communication wherein we use synonyms to express thoughts and ideas.

A

Synonymy

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39
Q

This is a strategy in communication wherein sentences are rephrased, and one “beats around the bush.”

A

Circumlocution

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40
Q

This is a strategy in communication wherein the speaker allows the audience to provide the words or sentences one needs in his/her speech.

A

Asking for Help

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41
Q

This is a type of competence wherein one’s understanding is based on context.

A

Pragmatic Competence

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42
Q

An absence of one of the competencies may still mean that one is already communicative competent. True or False?

A

False

*An absence of one of the competencies means that one is not yet communicative competent.

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43
Q

What are the 4 Major Divisions of Linguistics?

A
  1. Formal Linguistics
  2. Sociolinguistics
  3. Psycholinguistics
  4. Applied Linguistics
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44
Q

This is the study of the structures and processes of language, how language works and is organized.

A

Formal Linguistics

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45
Q

Formal Linguistics studies the structures of different languages, and by identifying and studying the elements common among them, seek to discover the most eficient way to describe language in general. True or False?

A

True

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46
Q

What are the 3 Main School of Thoughts in Formal Linguistics?

A
  1. Traditional or Prescriptive
  2. Structural Linguistics
  3. Generative or Transformational
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47
Q

This prescribes rules of correct or preferred usage, wherein there is no room for ungrammatical use of language.

A

Traditional or Prescriptive

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48
Q

This is concerned with phonology, morphology, and syntax, and focuses on the physical features of utterances with little regard for meaning or lexicon.

Example: Carabaos can fly

A

Structural Linguistics

*The statement is syntactically correct, but is semantically unacceptable.

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49
Q

This traced a relationship between the “deep structure” of sentences (what is in the mind), and their “surface structure” (what is spoken or written).

A

Generative or Transformational

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50
Q

If Surface Structure: Function of Words (Subject, Verb, Object, etc.), Deep Structure: _______ __ ___ _________

A

Meaning of the sentences

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51
Q

What are the two types of grammar under the Generative or Transformational school of thought in formal linguistics?

A
  1. Generative Grammar
  2. Transformative Grammar
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52
Q

This type of grammar refers to generating numerous sentences from one sentence (Kernel Sentence).

A

Generative Grammar

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53
Q

This type of grammar changes or modifies the sentence itself. For example: From Active Voice to Passive Voice, from a Statement to a Question.

A

Transformative Grammar

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54
Q

What are the 5 Areas of Study in Formal Linguistics?

A
  1. Phonetics - sound, external
  2. Phonology - patterns of sound
  3. Morphology - formation of words
  4. Syntax - arranging words to form meaningful sentences
  5. Semantics - meaning of words
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55
Q

This is the study of language as a social and cultural phenomenon.

A

Sociolinguistics

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56
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of sociolinguistics?

A
  1. Language Variation
  2. Language and Social Interaction
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57
Q

This refers to the relationship between the use of linguistic forms and factors such as geography, social class, ethnic group, age, sex, occupation, function, or style.

A

Language Variation

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58
Q

This refers to the function of language in the real world.

A

Language and Social Interaction

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59
Q

What are the 5 sub-fields of Language and Social Interaction?

A
  1. Pragmatics
  2. Discourse Analysis
  3. Ethnography of Communication
  4. Language Attitudes
  5. Language Planning
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60
Q

This refers to how context affects meaning of words or statements.

A

Pragmatics

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61
Q

This refers to how sentenes relate in larger lingiustic units such as conversations or texts.

A

Discourse Analysis

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62
Q

This uses the tools of anthropology to study verbal interaction in its social setting.

A

Ethnography of Communication

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63
Q

This is also known as the death of a language.

A

Linguicide

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64
Q

This refers to the attitudes of people towards varieties of languages and the people who speak them.

A

Language Attitudes

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65
Q

This is the process of implementing major decisions regarding which languages should be used on a societal scale.

A

Language Planning

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66
Q

This is the study of the relationship between linguistics and psychological behavior.

A

Psycholinguistics

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67
Q

Psycholinguists study the first and second language acquisition and how humans store and retrieve linguistic information. True or False?

A

True

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68
Q

This is the process by which humans acquire language.

A

Language Acquisition

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69
Q

This refers to speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.

A

Verbal Processing

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70
Q

This is the application of linguistics to solve problems and innovation in everyday areas involving language.

A

Applied Linguistics

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71
Q

Teaching methodologies, literacy programs, and other similar activities or materials are under _______ ___________. True or False.

A

Applied Linguistics

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72
Q

This characteristic means that the words have no connection to the sounds of the object.

A

Arbitrary

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73
Q

Once language dies, the culture dies. True or False?

A

True

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74
Q

What are the 7 considerations related to the definition of Language?

A
  1. Language is used for communication
  2. Language is essentially human, but not limited to humans
  3. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols
  4. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual
  5. Those symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer
  6. Language is systematic and generative
  7. Language operates in a speech community or culture
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75
Q

What are the 4 views about language?

A
  1. Structuralists
  2. Transformationalists
  3. Functionalists
  4. Interactionalists
76
Q

This view about language states that language can be described in terms of observable and verifiable data. It is described in terms of its structure, regularities, and patterns or rules in language.

A

Structuralists

77
Q

What are the 4 Principles of Structuralists?

A
  1. Language is a means of communication
  2. Language is primarily vocal
  3. Language is a system of systems
  4. Language is arbitrary
78
Q

This principle of structuralists mean that language is used to express ideas, beliefs, and feelings, and gives shape to human thoughts, and guides and controls their activity.

A

Language is a means of communication

79
Q

This principle of structuralists states that language is a speech made of vocal sounds.

A

Language is primarily vocal

80
Q

______ is the primary medium of language, whereas _______ ______ are just a secondary representation.

A

Speech, Written Records

81
Q

In language teaching, writing is the top priority. True or False?

A

False

*Speech is the priority

82
Q

This principle of structuralists states that language is not disorganized nor chaotic since sounds are arranged in certain fixed or established systematic order to form meaningful words.

A

Language is a system of systems

83
Q

________ is a system of structurally related elements or “building blocks” for the encoding of meaning.

A

Language

84
Q

How do we encode meaning?

A
  1. Phonemes (sounds)
  2. Morphemes (words)
  3. Tagmemes (phrases, sentences, clauses)
85
Q

There are ___________ rules followed in English.

A

Phonotactic

86
Q

This principle of structuralists state that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings, or the ideas conveyed by them.

A

Language is arbitrary

87
Q

This view of language refers to transforming or modifying sentences to make those questions, or to change from passive voice to active voice and vice versa. It also states that language is a system of knowledge made manifest in linguistic forms but are innate and universal.

A

Transformationalists

88
Q

What are the 4 principles of transformationalists?

A
  1. Language is a mental phenomenon
  2. Language is innate
  3. Language is universal
  4. Language is creative
89
Q

This principle of transformationalists states that language is not mechanical, since the processes occur in the brain.

A

Language is a mental phenomenon

90
Q

This principle of transformationalists states that all normal human beings are capable of using language, and language is acquired through a LAD (Language Acquisition Device).

A

Language is innate

91
Q

This principle of transformationalists states that all normal children in the world acquire a mother tongue, and all languages share key features of human languages.

A

Language is univeral

92
Q

This principle of transformationalists states that native speakers are able to produce and understand sentences they have not heard before.

A

Language is creative

93
Q

This refers to the language spoken by people in the community.

A

Ethnic Language

94
Q

This view of language emphasizes the meaning and functions rather than the grammatical characteristics of language.

A

Functionalists

95
Q

What are the 2 principles of functionalists?

A
  1. Language is a dynamic system
  2. A vehicle for the expression of functional meaning
96
Q

What does dynamic meaning and how is it used in linguistics?

A

Not stagnant, ever-changing

We use language in different ways

97
Q

According to this view of language, language teaching may be organized by patterns of echange and interactions.

A

Interactionalists

98
Q

What are the 2 principles of interactionalists?

A
  1. Language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal relations and for performing social interactions between individuals.
  2. A tool for creating and maintaining social relations through conversations.
99
Q

What are the 4 Theories about the Nature of Language?

A
  1. Behaviorist/Empiricist Theory
  2. Rationalist/Cognitivist/Mentalistic Theory
  3. Nativist Theory
  4. Sociolinguistic Theory
100
Q

Who are the proponents of the Behaviorist/Empiricist Theory?

A

Leonard Bloomfield, B.F. Skinner, and Charles Fries

101
Q

What are the 4 principles of the Behaviorist/Empiricist Theory?

A
  1. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols.
  2. Language is a system of habits.
  3. Language is acquired behavior through conditioning and reinorcement.
  4. Language is surface structure.
102
Q

Who is the proponent of the Rationalist/Cognitivist/Mentalistic Theory?

A

Noam Chomsky

103
Q

What are the 5 Principles of the Rationalist/Cognitivist/Mentalistic Theory?

A
  1. Language is a mental process
  2. Language is rule-governed behavior
  3. The speaker-hearer has internalized the rules of language
  4. There is a universal grammar
  5. Language has deep and surface structure.
104
Q

Why is language a mental process?

A

It is a creatie constructon process, and there are processes occuring inside a person’s brain/mind.

105
Q

How does a language possess universal grammar?

A

All languages share key characteristics

106
Q

Who is the proponent of the Nativist Theory?

A

Eric Lenneberg

107
Q

What are the 3 Principles of the Nativist Theory?

A
  1. A language is an innate or inborn capacity of man.
  2. Man has LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
  3. Language is species-specific
108
Q

What are the two types of sociolinguistic theory?

A
  1. Communication Theory
  2. Pragmatic Theory
109
Q

Who is the proponent of the Communication Theory?

A

Michael A.K. Halliday and Dell Hymes

110
Q

This theory states that there is an input from the speaker and an output from the listeners, and language is not only a set of rules of formation, but also a set of rules for the use of language.

A

Communication Theory

111
Q

Who is the proponent of the Pragmatic Theory?

A

John Oller

112
Q

This theory states that participants should have shared knowledge or presupposition.

A

Pragmatic Theory

113
Q

What are the 2 Elements of Language under the Pragmatic Theory?

A
  1. Factive or Cognitive Element
  2. Emotive or Affective Attitudinal Element
114
Q

This is the element of language that refers to the use of language through words, phrases, and sentences.

A

Factive or Cognitive Element

115
Q

This is the element of language that refers to a man’s outlook towards, and his non-verbal communication.

A

Emotive or Affective Attitudinal Element

116
Q

What are the 9 Design Features of Language?

A
  1. Duality of Patterning
  2. Displacement
  3. Stimulus-Freedom
  4. Arbitrariness
  5. The Human Vocal Tract
  6. Recursion
  7. Productive or Creative (Open-Endedness)
  8. Social Phenomenon
  9. Complex
117
Q

This is the ability of humans to use language in a very economic way. This states that humans have the capacity to produce unlimited vocabulary from a small, limited set of speech sounds.

A

Duality of Patterning

118
Q

This is the process of using words that are not used before.

A

Neologism

119
Q

There are __ sounds in the English language, unlimited number of words.

A

36

120
Q

This states that thumans have a sense of the past and the future, and have the ability to convey meaning that transcends the immediately perceptible sphere of space and time.

A

Displacement

121
Q

This states that humans have the ability to say things they like in any context. But, it is limited in certain ceremonial contexts.

A

Stimulus-freedom

122
Q

This states that words and their meanings have no “a priori” connection. The meaning of a words cannot be based on the sound structure.

A

Arbitrariness

123
Q

Some words are ______ - there is a direct connection between form and meaning.

A

Iconic

124
Q

This states that only humans are endowed with highly sophisticated or complex speech organs that enable us to produce the many differentiated sounds.

A

The human vocal tract

125
Q

These are parts of the human vocal tract that do not move.

A

Passive Articulators

126
Q

These are parts of the human vocal tract that move.

A

Active Articulators

127
Q

This states that sentences may be produces with other sentences inside them through the use of relativization.

A

Recursion

*This is the boy who found the dog that chased the cat that ate the chicken in the kitchen.

128
Q

This is the ability of the native speakers to understand and produce any number of sentences in their mother tongue: sentences that have never been said before.

A

Productive or Creative (Open-endedness)

129
Q

This states that language is a means of communciation between individuals, it brings them into relationship with their environment. It also states that language is a skill required as we grow in society.

A

Social Phenomenon

130
Q

This states that languages are equally complex, each language is a part of the culture that produces it. It also states that language is as good as any other, no language is intrinsically better than any other.

A

Complex

131
Q

Accodring to Boey, 1975, this is the science which analyzes and records sounds and the elements of speech, and their use and distribution in connected sentences.

A

Phonetics

132
Q

According to Zsiga, 2006, phonetics studies speech sounds as ________ objects.

A

Physical

133
Q

What is Phonetics according to Yule, 1996?

A

The General study of the characteristics of speech sounds

134
Q

According to Ladefoged (1982) this is concerned with describing the speech sounds that occur in the languages of the world.

A

Phonetics

135
Q

What are the 4 Areas/Branches of Phonetics?

A
  1. Articulatory Phonetics
  2. Acoustic Phonetics
  3. Auditory Phonetics
  4. Forensic Phonetics
136
Q

This Branch of Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produces by the human speech organd, and is focused more on the production.

A

Articulatory Phonetics

137
Q

Focusing more on the physical aspect, this branch of phonetics studies the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air.

A

Acoustic Phonetics

138
Q

This Branch of phonetics focuses more with perception, deals with perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.

A

Auditory Phonetics

139
Q

This branch of phonetics refers to its applications in legal cases involving speaker identification, and the analysis of recorded utterances.

A

Forensic Phonetics

140
Q

The concept of the International Phonetic Alphabet was first broached by ____ _________ in a letter to Paul Passy of the International Phonetic Association and was developed by A.J. Ellis, Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and Passy in the late 19th century.

A

Otto Jespersen

141
Q

According to the video on speech production, this is as unique as the fingerprint, which is the sound produced by humans and other vertebrates using the lungs and the vocal folds in the larynx.

A

Voice (also known as vocalization)

142
Q

According to the video on speech production, these are specific identifiable sounds produced by humans for communication.

A

Speech

143
Q

This means taking air into the lungs

A

Inhaling

144
Q

After inhaling, the _________ contracts and expands vertically to allow the lungs to fill with air.

A

Diaphragm

145
Q

This is the action done to remove carbon dioxide, wherein the diaphragm and rib cage return to their resting position as air is forced out of the lungs.

A

Exhaling

146
Q

Different parts of the vocal tract are responsible for voice production. True or False?

A

True

147
Q

This is the big muscle that separates your chest cavity from your stomach. As air is drawn in, the lungs enlarge.

A

Diaphragm

148
Q

This is the windpipe where the air passes through as the lungs squeeze and force it out when the diaphragm relaxes and the ribs contract.

A

Trachea

149
Q

This is the little box of cartilage housing two folds of soft tissue, called the vocal folds or vocal cords.

A

Larynx

150
Q

The air flowing out of the trachea causes these to flap open and close very quickly causeing vibration in the throat. The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch of the voice.

A

Vocal Cords

151
Q

This is a muscular structure that folds down over the larynx when you swallow to prevent food from going down into the lungs before it enters the passage to the stomach.

A

Epiglottis

152
Q

This is an open area located at the back of the mouth, allowing the toungue ffreedom for front and back movement.

A

Pharynx

153
Q

This consists of many different structures that we use to shape speech sounds as the air passes through the vocal tract.

A

Mouth: Oral Cavity

154
Q

______ articulators move toward the passive articulators in order to constrict and shape the air that is moving out from the lungs.

A

Active

155
Q

This part of the mouth can be opened or closed, pursed or spread.

A

Lips

156
Q

What do you call the tip and blade of the tongue?

A

Tongue Front

157
Q

This is the main mass of the tongue or dorsum.

A

Tongue Body

158
Q

This is the lowest part of the tongue, back in the pharynx.

A

Tongue Root

159
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the tongue?

A
  1. Tongue Front
  2. Tongue Body
  3. Tongue Root
160
Q

These lie along the top of the vocal tract

A

Passive Articulators

161
Q

his is the bony rise behind the teeth.

A

Alveolar Ridge

162
Q

This is the arch from the alveolar ridge toward the Hard Palate

A

Postaveolar Region

163
Q

This is the roof of the mouth

A

Hard Palate

164
Q

This is a muscular structure that regulates the velar port. Also known as velum.

A

Soft Palate

165
Q

This is the opening in the back of the mouth that connects the mouth and nose.

A

Velar Port

166
Q

When the _____ is lowered, as it is for breathing, the sounds /m/ and /n/ may be produced.

A

Velum

167
Q

When the velum is _____, as it is for most speech sounds, the opening to the nose is closed off and all the airstream is directed through the mouth.

A

Raised

168
Q

This is the little pink pendulum hanging at the very end of the velum.

A

Uvula

168
Q

This is the little pink pendulum hanging at the very end of the velum.

A

Uvula

169
Q

What are the 3 Speech Mechanisms?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Phonation
  3. Articulation
170
Q

This is where the lungs produce the necessary energy in form of stream of air.

A

Respiration

171
Q

This is where the larynx serves as the modifier to the airstream.

A

Phonation

172
Q

This is where the vocal tract modifies and modulates the airstream.

A

Articulation

173
Q

What are the two classes of sounds?

A
  1. Consonants
  2. Vowels
174
Q

These sounds are produces with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs.

A

Consonants

175
Q

Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs. What are the 9 Classifications?

A
  1. Bilabial
  2. Labiodental
  3. Interdental
  4. Alveolar
  5. Alveo-palatal
  6. Velar
  7. Uvular
  8. Glottal
  9. Glottal Stop
176
Q

Produced by bringing both lips together

/p/, /b/, /m/

A

Bilabials

177
Q

Produced by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth

/f/, /v/

A

Labiodentals

178
Q

Produced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth, making a sound correctly called dental.

soft and hard th

A

Interdentals

179
Q

Sounds formed with the front part of the tongue raised in various ways to the alveolar ridge.

Initial sounds in top, dip, sit, zoo, nut, lap, and right

A

Alveolars

180
Q

Sounds produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge.

Initial sounds in shout, child, yet, gem
Middle Consinant sound in pleasure
Initial and final sounds in judge, and sing

A

Alveo-Palatals

181
Q

Produced by raising the back of the tongue to the doft palate or velum.

/k/, /g/, and “ng” sound

A

Velars

182
Q

Produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula.

/R/ in French, /q/ and /G/ in Arabic

A

Uvulars

183
Q

Sound produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth, and there is no manipulation of the air passing out through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips.

/h/

A

Glottals

184
Q

If the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords.

Wi/t/ness

A

Glottal Stop

Introduction to Linguistics (1 decks)

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