First Term Flashcards
1
Q
The scientific study of language, according to Boey (1975) since it observes and follows a process.
A
Linguistics
2
Q
Linguistics is also defined as the discipline which studies human language, according to Widdowson, 1996. True or False?
A
True
3
Q
This is the characteristic of language that is special to humans alone.
A
Species-specific
4
Q
___________ is a social science that shares a common ground with other social sciences.
A
Linguistics
5
Q
This is a social science that focuses on psychology and linguistics combined.
A
Psycholinguistics
6
Q
This is a social science focused on the study of humans.
A
Anthropology
7
Q
This is a social science which focuses on the study of history.
A
Sociology
8
Q
If Sociology is the study of society, then what is Archaeology?
A
Study of History
9
Q
Linguistics can never influence other disciplines. True or False?
A
False
*Linguistics may influence other disciplines
10
Q
Why is linguistics considered as a cognitive science?
A
Because it involves and develops thinking, knowledge, etc.
11
Q
This branch of science under Linguistics as a cognitive science studies how the human brain functions with regards to language.
A
Neurolinguistics
12
Q
What are the 3 objectives of linguistics?
A
- To describe and explain the complexities of language
- To discover the universals concerning language
- To place the elements in a theoretical framework that will describe all languages and determine which cannot occur in a language.
13
Q
This objective of linguistics is comprised of the varieties and systems that make the language complex. It is not concerned with the prescriptive rules of language and focuses on the nature and complexities of language.
A
To describe and explain the complexities of language
14
Q
What does “universals” mean in linguistics?
A
Common elements in all languages
15
Q
A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native language is different.
A
Lingua Franca
16
Q
This objective of linguistics mean that a wide variety of people know it, focuses more on syntax/grammar, phonology, morphology, and semantics.
A
To discover the universals concerning language
17
Q
Who are the two main proponents in the scope of linguistics?
A
- Ferdinand de Saussure
- Noam Chomsky
18
Q
Who introduced the terms “langue” and “parole?”
A
Ferdinand de Saussure
19
Q
This refers to the shared social code, the abstract system, and universals.
A
Langue
20
Q
This refers to the particular actualities of individual utterances, and the demonstration, practice, or application of knowledge.
A
Parole
21
Q
This refers to the changes in language over time.
A
Diachronic
22
Q
This refers to the changes in language in a particular time.
A
Synchronic
23
Q
He introduced the concepts of competence and performance.
A
Noam Chomsky
24
Q
This is the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations. Or in other words, the knowledge of grammatical form, of syntax.
A
Competence
25
According to Chomsky, this is the actual behavior of native speakers.
Performance
26
What are the two important concepts under Competence?
Knowledge and Ability
27
This is the executive branch of competence which enables us to achieve meaning by putting our knowledge to work.
Ability
28
To be able to be communicative competent, one must be able to have knowledge, but not necessarily ability. True or False?
False
*To be Communicative Competent, one must have both knowledge and ability.
29
What are the 5 Types of Communicative Competence?
1. Linguistic Competence
2. Sociolinguistic Competence
3. Discourse Competence
4. Strategic Competence
5. Pragmatic Competence
30
This refers to one's knowledge on the language, the building blocks of language such as syntax, semantics, etc.
Linguistic Competence
31
This refers to the ability to communicate appropriately towards a specific topic, setting, and relationship.
Sociolinguistic Competence
32
This refers to understanding and interpreting beyond the sentence, understanding the bigger context, and organization of ideas.
Discourse Competence
33
What are the two important concepts under discourse competence?
1. Cohesion
2. Coherence
34
This refers to the ability to organize ideas, the oneness or unity of the ideas.
Coherence
35
This refers to how one is able to connect different but related ideas together.
Cohesion
36
Sometimes, even without cohesion, the ideas are coherent. True or False?
True
37
This is the type of competence referring to the strategies one uses to overcome what one lacks in communication.
Strategic Competence
38
This is a strategy in communication wherein we use synonyms to express thoughts and ideas.
Synonymy
39
This is a strategy in communication wherein sentences are rephrased, and one "beats around the bush."
Circumlocution
40
This is a strategy in communication wherein the speaker allows the audience to provide the words or sentences one needs in his/her speech.
Asking for Help
41
This is a type of competence wherein one's understanding is based on context.
Pragmatic Competence
42
An absence of one of the competencies may still mean that one is already communicative competent. True or False?
False
*An absence of one of the competencies means that one is not yet communicative competent.
43
What are the 4 Major Divisions of Linguistics?
1. Formal Linguistics
2. Sociolinguistics
3. Psycholinguistics
4. Applied Linguistics
44
This is the study of the structures and processes of language, how language works and is organized.
Formal Linguistics
45
Formal Linguistics studies the structures of different languages, and by identifying and studying the elements common among them, seek to discover the most eficient way to describe language in general. True or False?
True
46
What are the 3 Main School of Thoughts in Formal Linguistics?
1. Traditional or Prescriptive
2. Structural Linguistics
3. Generative or Transformational
47
This prescribes rules of correct or preferred usage, wherein there is no room for ungrammatical use of language.
Traditional or Prescriptive
48
This is concerned with phonology, morphology, and syntax, and focuses on the physical features of utterances with little regard for meaning or lexicon.
Example: Carabaos can fly
Structural Linguistics
*The statement is syntactically correct, but is semantically unacceptable.
49
This traced a relationship between the "deep structure" of sentences (what is in the mind), and their "surface structure" (what is spoken or written).
Generative or Transformational
50
If Surface Structure: Function of Words (Subject, Verb, Object, etc.), Deep Structure: _______ __ ___ _________
Meaning of the sentences
51
What are the two types of grammar under the Generative or Transformational school of thought in formal linguistics?
1. Generative Grammar
2. Transformative Grammar
52
This type of grammar refers to generating numerous sentences from one sentence (Kernel Sentence).
Generative Grammar
53
This type of grammar changes or modifies the sentence itself. For example: From Active Voice to Passive Voice, from a Statement to a Question.
Transformative Grammar
54
What are the 5 Areas of Study in Formal Linguistics?
1. Phonetics - sound, external
2. Phonology - patterns of sound
3. Morphology - formation of words
4. Syntax - arranging words to form meaningful sentences
5. Semantics - meaning of words
55
This is the study of language as a social and cultural phenomenon.
Sociolinguistics
56
What are the 2 major divisions of sociolinguistics?
1. Language Variation
2. Language and Social Interaction
57
This refers to the relationship between the use of linguistic forms and factors such as geography, social class, ethnic group, age, sex, occupation, function, or style.
Language Variation
58
This refers to the function of language in the real world.
Language and Social Interaction
59
What are the 5 sub-fields of Language and Social Interaction?
1. Pragmatics
2. Discourse Analysis
3. Ethnography of Communication
4. Language Attitudes
5. Language Planning
60
This refers to how context affects meaning of words or statements.
Pragmatics
61
This refers to how sentenes relate in larger lingiustic units such as conversations or texts.
Discourse Analysis
62
This uses the tools of anthropology to study verbal interaction in its social setting.
Ethnography of Communication
63
This is also known as the death of a language.
Linguicide
64
This refers to the attitudes of people towards varieties of languages and the people who speak them.
Language Attitudes
65
This is the process of implementing major decisions regarding which languages should be used on a societal scale.
Language Planning
66
This is the study of the relationship between linguistics and psychological behavior.
Psycholinguistics
67
Psycholinguists study the first and second language acquisition and how humans store and retrieve linguistic information. True or False?
True
68
This is the process by which humans acquire language.
Language Acquisition
69
This refers to speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.
Verbal Processing
70
This is the application of linguistics to solve problems and innovation in everyday areas involving language.
Applied Linguistics
71
Teaching methodologies, literacy programs, and other similar activities or materials are under _______ ___________. True or False.
Applied Linguistics
72
This characteristic means that the words have no connection to the sounds of the object.
Arbitrary
73
Once language dies, the culture dies. True or False?
True
74
What are the 7 considerations related to the definition of Language?
1. Language is used for communication
2. Language is essentially human, but not limited to humans
3. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols
4. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual
5. Those symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer
6. Language is systematic and generative
7. Language operates in a speech community or culture
75
What are the 4 views about language?
1. Structuralists
2. Transformationalists
3. Functionalists
4. Interactionalists
76
This view about language states that language can be described in terms of observable and verifiable data. It is described in terms of its structure, regularities, and patterns or rules in language.
Structuralists
77
What are the 4 Principles of Structuralists?
1. Language is a means of communication
2. Language is primarily vocal
3. Language is a system of systems
4. Language is arbitrary
78
This principle of structuralists mean that language is used to express ideas, beliefs, and feelings, and gives shape to human thoughts, and guides and controls their activity.
Language is a means of communication
79
This principle of structuralists states that language is a speech made of vocal sounds.
Language is primarily vocal
80
______ is the primary medium of language, whereas _______ ______ are just a secondary representation.
Speech, Written Records
81
In language teaching, writing is the top priority. True or False?
False
*Speech is the priority
82
This principle of structuralists states that language is not disorganized nor chaotic since sounds are arranged in certain fixed or established systematic order to form meaningful words.
Language is a system of systems
83
________ is a system of structurally related elements or "building blocks" for the encoding of meaning.
Language
84
How do we encode meaning?
1. Phonemes (sounds)
2. Morphemes (words)
3. Tagmemes (phrases, sentences, clauses)
85
There are ___________ rules followed in English.
Phonotactic
86
This principle of structuralists state that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings, or the ideas conveyed by them.
Language is arbitrary
87
This view of language refers to transforming or modifying sentences to make those questions, or to change from passive voice to active voice and vice versa. It also states that language is a system of knowledge made manifest in linguistic forms but are innate and universal.
Transformationalists
88
What are the 4 principles of transformationalists?
1. Language is a mental phenomenon
2. Language is innate
3. Language is universal
4. Language is creative
89
This principle of transformationalists states that language is not mechanical, since the processes occur in the brain.
Language is a mental phenomenon
90
This principle of transformationalists states that all normal human beings are capable of using language, and language is acquired through a LAD (Language Acquisition Device).
Language is innate
91
This principle of transformationalists states that all normal children in the world acquire a mother tongue, and all languages share key features of human languages.
Language is univeral
92
This principle of transformationalists states that native speakers are able to produce and understand sentences they have not heard before.
Language is creative
93
This refers to the language spoken by people in the community.
Ethnic Language
94
This view of language emphasizes the meaning and functions rather than the grammatical characteristics of language.
Functionalists
95
What are the 2 principles of functionalists?
1. Language is a dynamic system
2. A vehicle for the expression of functional meaning
96
What does dynamic meaning and how is it used in linguistics?
Not stagnant, ever-changing
We use language in different ways
97
According to this view of language, language teaching may be organized by patterns of echange and interactions.
Interactionalists
98
What are the 2 principles of interactionalists?
1. Language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal relations and for performing social interactions between individuals.
2. A tool for creating and maintaining social relations through conversations.
99
What are the 4 Theories about the Nature of Language?
1. Behaviorist/Empiricist Theory
2. Rationalist/Cognitivist/Mentalistic Theory
3. Nativist Theory
4. Sociolinguistic Theory
100
Who are the proponents of the Behaviorist/Empiricist Theory?
Leonard Bloomfield, B.F. Skinner, and Charles Fries
101
What are the 4 principles of the Behaviorist/Empiricist Theory?
1. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols.
2. Language is a system of habits.
3. Language is acquired behavior through conditioning and reinorcement.
4. Language is surface structure.
102
Who is the proponent of the Rationalist/Cognitivist/Mentalistic Theory?
Noam Chomsky
103
What are the 5 Principles of the Rationalist/Cognitivist/Mentalistic Theory?
1. Language is a mental process
2. Language is rule-governed behavior
3. The speaker-hearer has internalized the rules of language
4. There is a universal grammar
5. Language has deep and surface structure.
104
Why is language a mental process?
It is a creatie constructon process, and there are processes occuring inside a person's brain/mind.
105
How does a language possess universal grammar?
All languages share key characteristics
106
Who is the proponent of the Nativist Theory?
Eric Lenneberg
107
What are the 3 Principles of the Nativist Theory?
1. A language is an innate or inborn capacity of man.
2. Man has LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
3. Language is species-specific
108
What are the two types of sociolinguistic theory?
1. Communication Theory
2. Pragmatic Theory
109
Who is the proponent of the Communication Theory?
Michael A.K. Halliday and Dell Hymes
110
This theory states that there is an input from the speaker and an output from the listeners, and language is not only a set of rules of formation, but also a set of rules for the use of language.
Communication Theory
111
Who is the proponent of the Pragmatic Theory?
John Oller
112
This theory states that participants should have shared knowledge or presupposition.
Pragmatic Theory
113
What are the 2 Elements of Language under the Pragmatic Theory?
1. Factive or Cognitive Element
2. Emotive or Affective Attitudinal Element
114
This is the element of language that refers to the use of language through words, phrases, and sentences.
Factive or Cognitive Element
115
This is the element of language that refers to a man's outlook towards, and his non-verbal communication.
Emotive or Affective Attitudinal Element
116
What are the 9 Design Features of Language?
1. Duality of Patterning
2. Displacement
3. Stimulus-Freedom
4. Arbitrariness
5. The Human Vocal Tract
6. Recursion
7. Productive or Creative (Open-Endedness)
8. Social Phenomenon
9. Complex
117
This is the ability of humans to use language in a very economic way. This states that humans have the capacity to produce unlimited vocabulary from a small, limited set of speech sounds.
Duality of Patterning
118
This is the process of using words that are not used before.
Neologism
119
There are __ sounds in the English language, unlimited number of words.
36
120
This states that thumans have a sense of the past and the future, and have the ability to convey meaning that transcends the immediately perceptible sphere of space and time.
Displacement
121
This states that humans have the ability to say things they like in any context. But, it is limited in certain ceremonial contexts.
Stimulus-freedom
122
This states that words and their meanings have no "a priori" connection. The meaning of a words cannot be based on the sound structure.
Arbitrariness
123
Some words are ______ - there is a direct connection between form and meaning.
Iconic
124
This states that only humans are endowed with highly sophisticated or complex speech organs that enable us to produce the many differentiated sounds.
The human vocal tract
125
These are parts of the human vocal tract that do not move.
Passive Articulators
126
These are parts of the human vocal tract that move.
Active Articulators
127
This states that sentences may be produces with other sentences inside them through the use of relativization.
Recursion
*This is the boy who found the dog that chased the cat that ate the chicken in the kitchen.
128
This is the ability of the native speakers to understand and produce any number of sentences in their mother tongue: sentences that have never been said before.
Productive or Creative (Open-endedness)
129
This states that language is a means of communciation between individuals, it brings them into relationship with their environment. It also states that language is a skill required as we grow in society.
Social Phenomenon
130
This states that languages are equally complex, each language is a part of the culture that produces it. It also states that language is as good as any other, no language is intrinsically better than any other.
Complex
131
Accodring to Boey, 1975, this is the science which analyzes and records sounds and the elements of speech, and their use and distribution in connected sentences.
Phonetics
132
According to Zsiga, 2006, phonetics studies speech sounds as ________ objects.
Physical
133
What is Phonetics according to Yule, 1996?
The General study of the characteristics of speech sounds
134
According to Ladefoged (1982) this is concerned with describing the speech sounds that occur in the languages of the world.
Phonetics
135
What are the 4 Areas/Branches of Phonetics?
1. Articulatory Phonetics
2. Acoustic Phonetics
3. Auditory Phonetics
4. Forensic Phonetics
136
This Branch of Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produces by the human speech organd, and is focused more on the production.
Articulatory Phonetics
137
Focusing more on the physical aspect, this branch of phonetics studies the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air.
Acoustic Phonetics
138
This Branch of phonetics focuses more with perception, deals with perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.
Auditory Phonetics
139
This branch of phonetics refers to its applications in legal cases involving speaker identification, and the analysis of recorded utterances.
Forensic Phonetics
140
The concept of the International Phonetic Alphabet was first broached by ____ _________ in a letter to Paul Passy of the International Phonetic Association and was developed by A.J. Ellis, Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and Passy in the late 19th century.
Otto Jespersen
141
According to the video on speech production, this is as unique as the fingerprint, which is the sound produced by humans and other vertebrates using the lungs and the vocal folds in the larynx.
Voice (also known as vocalization)
142
According to the video on speech production, these are specific identifiable sounds produced by humans for communication.
Speech
143
This means taking air into the lungs
Inhaling
144
After inhaling, the _________ contracts and expands vertically to allow the lungs to fill with air.
Diaphragm
145
This is the action done to remove carbon dioxide, wherein the diaphragm and rib cage return to their resting position as air is forced out of the lungs.
Exhaling
146
Different parts of the vocal tract are responsible for voice production. True or False?
True
147
This is the big muscle that separates your chest cavity from your stomach. As air is drawn in, the lungs enlarge.
Diaphragm
148
This is the windpipe where the air passes through as the lungs squeeze and force it out when the diaphragm relaxes and the ribs contract.
Trachea
149
This is the little box of cartilage housing two folds of soft tissue, called the vocal folds or vocal cords.
Larynx
150
The air flowing out of the trachea causes these to flap open and close very quickly causeing vibration in the throat. The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch of the voice.
Vocal Cords
151
This is a muscular structure that folds down over the larynx when you swallow to prevent food from going down into the lungs before it enters the passage to the stomach.
Epiglottis
152
This is an open area located at the back of the mouth, allowing the toungue ffreedom for front and back movement.
Pharynx
153
This consists of many different structures that we use to shape speech sounds as the air passes through the vocal tract.
Mouth: Oral Cavity
154
______ articulators move toward the passive articulators in order to constrict and shape the air that is moving out from the lungs.
Active
155
This part of the mouth can be opened or closed, pursed or spread.
Lips
156
What do you call the tip and blade of the tongue?
Tongue Front
157
This is the main mass of the tongue or dorsum.
Tongue Body
158
This is the lowest part of the tongue, back in the pharynx.
Tongue Root
159
What are the 3 main parts of the tongue?
1. Tongue Front
2. Tongue Body
3. Tongue Root
160
These lie along the top of the vocal tract
Passive Articulators
161
his is the bony rise behind the teeth.
Alveolar Ridge
162
This is the arch from the alveolar ridge toward the Hard Palate
Postaveolar Region
163
This is the roof of the mouth
Hard Palate
164
This is a muscular structure that regulates the velar port. Also known as velum.
Soft Palate
165
This is the opening in the back of the mouth that connects the mouth and nose.
Velar Port
166
When the _____ is lowered, as it is for breathing, the sounds /m/ and /n/ may be produced.
Velum
167
When the velum is _____, as it is for most speech sounds, the opening to the nose is closed off and all the airstream is directed through the mouth.
Raised
168
This is the little pink pendulum hanging at the very end of the velum.
Uvula
168
This is the little pink pendulum hanging at the very end of the velum.
Uvula
169
What are the 3 Speech Mechanisms?
1. Respiration
2. Phonation
3. Articulation
170
This is where the lungs produce the necessary energy in form of stream of air.
Respiration
171
This is where the larynx serves as the modifier to the airstream.
Phonation
172
This is where the vocal tract modifies and modulates the airstream.
Articulation
173
What are the two classes of sounds?
1. Consonants
2. Vowels
174
These sounds are produces with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs.
Consonants
175
Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs. What are the 9 Classifications?
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Interdental
4. Alveolar
5. Alveo-palatal
6. Velar
7. Uvular
8. Glottal
9. Glottal Stop
176
Produced by bringing both lips together
/p/, /b/, /m/
Bilabials
177
Produced by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth
/f/, /v/
Labiodentals
178
Produced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth, making a sound correctly called dental.
soft and hard th
Interdentals
179
Sounds formed with the front part of the tongue raised in various ways to the alveolar ridge.
Initial sounds in top, dip, sit, zoo, nut, lap, and right
Alveolars
180
Sounds produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge.
Initial sounds in shout, child, yet, gem
Middle Consinant sound in pleasure
Initial and final sounds in judge, and sing
Alveo-Palatals
181
Produced by raising the back of the tongue to the doft palate or velum.
/k/, /g/, and "ng" sound
Velars
182
Produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula.
/R/ in French, /q/ and /G/ in Arabic
Uvulars
183
Sound produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth, and there is no manipulation of the air passing out through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips.
/h/
Glottals
184
If the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords.
Wi/t/ness
Glottal Stop
