First Stages and Key Terms Flashcards
Stages of CLA
Pre-verbal: 0-12 months (crying, cooing, babbling)
Holophrastic: 1 word
Two word
Telegraphic stage: 3-5 words
Post-telegraphic: mostly complete utterances
Catherine Nelson, First Words
Study of 18 children’s first 50 words and categorised them into the following: (in order of use, most to least)
Naming things: Mummy, Dog, Ball
Actions/Events: Give, Up, Stop
Modifying Things: Nice, This, More
Personal/Social: Yes, No, Hi
Children name things that move, make noise or can be handled.
Underextension
Meaning of a word is not being used far enough. This is a common semantic error.
Eg. Cat being used for the family pet but not other cats.
Overextension
More general meaning for a word. A common semantic error more than under. When a word is given a broader meaning.
Eg. daddy use for all men rather than just for the actual father.
Simplification by Deletion
Deleting a certain sound that may cause difficulty.
Unstressed syllables: banana -> nana
Final consonants: hat -> ha, cat -> ca
Consonant cluster: sky -> kai
Simplification by Substitution
Fricative consonants: see -> ti
Velar consonants: g -> d
W replace R: rabbit -> wabbit
D replace T: the -> de
Simplification of Substitution by Assimilation
Words become longer, sounds in one part of a word can alter pronunciations in another. Can affect both vowels and consonants.
Eg. dog -> dod or gog
Overgeneralisation
When a grammatical rule is applied too generally and errors occur due to it being used in the wrong sense.
Eg. goed instead of went
Hypernym
Generic term and general word choice.
Eg. dog or fruit
Hyponym
Specific words and can be defined.
Eg. cocker spaniel or apple
Leslie Rescorla, Types of Overextension
Categorical: all objects in the same category have the same name. Eg. all clothes are coat.
Analogical: links between objects based on properties. Eg. spherical objects are ball.
