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ABD Board flash cards > First set of flash cards > Flashcards

First set of flash cards

1
Q

Tumors associated with von hippel-lindau syndrome include:

  1. renal cell carcinoma
  2. hemangioma
  3. Pheochromocytoma
  4. Pancreatic cystandenocarcinoma
  5. Adenoma
  6. Islet cell tumor
  7. Cyst associated with variety of organs
A

what tumors commonly imaged with US are associated with von hippel-lindau syndrome

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2
Q

Acute cholecysitits is usually precipitated by a stone obstructing the cystic duct. This situation results in an obstruction of venous drainage, and inflammation of the GB wall with variable degrees of necrosis and infection

Accompanying symptoms of acute cholecystitis are RUQ tenderness, guarding, fever, chills and leukocytosis.

5 sonographic criteria that define acute cholecystitis are

  1. Gall stones
  2. sonographic Murphy’s sign
  3. Diffuse wall thickening
  4. GB dilatation
  5. Sludge
A

Describing acute cholecystitis

what symptoms acompany acute cholecystitis

Name 5 sonographic criteria that define acute cholecystitis

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3
Q

Mycetoma (fungal ball) appear as hyperechoic, non shadowing masses. Angiomyolipomas, blood clots, pyogenic debris, sloughed papilla, and non shadowing renal stones have a similar sonographic appearance

A

what is the sonographic appearance of a renal mycetoma

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4
Q

Findings associated with renal vein thrombosis

  1. dilated thrombus- filled renal vein
  2. Absent intrarenal venous flow
  3. Enlarged hypoechoic kidney
  4. High-resistance renal artery waveform (increased RI)
A

what are sonographic findings associated with renal vein thrombosis

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5
Q

what malignant tumor is associated with urinary collecting system (renal pelvis, ureter and bladder)?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma, although typically occurring in the bladder, can arise in the ureter and renal pelvis

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6
Q

Pyonephrosis is the presence of pus in a dilated renal collecting system, secondary to infected hydronephrosis

Sono findings 3

  1. Dependent echoes within dilated pelvocaliceal system
  2. Shifting urine-debris level
  3. Gas shadowing from infection
A

what is pyonephrosis?

what are three sonographic features of pyenophrosis

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7
Q
  1. Renal enlargement

2. Hypeoechoic parenchyma, and absence of sinus echoes

A

Us findings associated w significant acute pyelonephritis?

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8
Q

what is the most common childhood renal tumor?

A

Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most common renal tumor in children. The mean age at diagnosis is 3.5 years

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9
Q

What mass should be suspected when a filling defect is noted in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinomas arise in the bladder.

Other bladder masses, such as. blood clots or fungal balls have a similar sonographic appearance

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10
Q

All fat-containing tumors have the ability to create a propagation speed artifact. This common sono finding is created because sound travels slower in fat than in soft tissue. Thus a sound pulse in a fat containing tumor is delayed and objects that are behind the tumor are atrifactually placed further from the transducer

A

common sonographic artifact is demonstrated with renal angiomyolipoma, hepatic lipoma, and adrenal myelolipoma

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11
Q

Renal cell carcinoma sonographically appears as an encapsulated, solid mass that is hyperechoic relative to normal, adjacent renal parenchyma. What additional areas should be evaluated whenever a solid renal mass is detected?

A

Whenever solid renal mass is detected, additional areas of evaluation should include the:

  1. Ipsilateral renal vein and IVC for tumor invasion
  2. Contralateral kidney and renal vein
  3. Retroperitoneum for lymphadenopathy
  4. Liver for metastases
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12
Q

Renal cell carcionmas are also called hypernephromas adenocarcinomas or a von growitz tumor

High incidence of renal cell carcinoma is found in association with:

  1. Adult polycystic kidney disease
  2. Acquired cystic disease
  3. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
  4. Tuberous sclerosis
A

what other names for a renal cell carcinoma?

renal cell carcinoma is associated with what four diseases?

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13
Q

What would a sonographer look for in a PT with history tuberous sclerosis

A

Tuberous Sclerosis is a multisystemic disorder associated with renal cyst formation and multiple renal angiomyolipomas

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14
Q

Acquired cystic disease is seen with PT’s on chornic hemodialysis. On occasion, these cyst may hemorrhage resulting in flank pain, hematuria and intracystic echogenic collections. Acquired cystic disease is associated w a slightly higher incidence of renal cell carcinoma

A

What is the term which refers to PT’s on chronic hemodialysis that develop bilateral renal cyst

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15
Q

Name 3 anatomic anomalies that appear as pseudotumors of the kidney

A

1, Column of Bertin

  1. Dromedary hump
  2. Fetal lobation
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16
Q

4 multicystic dysplastic kidney disease include:

  1. cysts of varying shape and size
  2. absence of communication between cysts
  3. absence of renal sinus
  4. Absence renal parenchyma

Contralateral renal abnormalities associated with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease include

  1. Uretopelvic junction obstruction
  2. Renal agenesis or hypoplasia
  3. Pelvocalectasis
A

List four sonographic features of multicysitc displastic kidney disease

What contralateral renal abnormalities are found when multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in unilateral?

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17
Q

what is the most common cause of an abdominal mass in newborn?

A

Multicysic dysplastic kidney disease in the most common cause of an abdominal mass in the newborn

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18
Q

Medullary sponge kidney is dysplastic cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules of the medullary pyramids

Due to the dysplastic collecting tubules of the medullary pyramids, calcium tends to deposit within them. Thus sono, medullary sponge kidney appears as equally spaced hyperechoic medullary pyramids

A

What is the medullary sponge kidney

sono appearance of medullary sponge kidney

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19
Q

sonographic findings IPKD appears bilaterally enlarged echogenic kidneys with loss the corticle medullary boundary.

Anomalies associated with IPKD

  1. Lung hypoplasia
  2. Periportal hepatic fibrosis, and oligo
A

Sono appearance of autosomal recessive polycystic infantile kidney disease

Other anomalies associated w infantile polycystic kidney disease

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20
Q

Bilateral enlargement of the adult kidney caused by numerous cysts of varying size is seen with which disease?

A

Automsomal dominant (adult) PKD presents as bilateral renal enlargement caused by numerous cysts of varying sizes. Associated cysts may also be seen in the liver, pancreas and spleen. ADPKD is also associated with aneurysm development, especially cerebral (berry) aneurysms of the circle of willis

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21
Q
  1. Round or ovoid shape
  2. thin wall thickness
  3. anechoic
  4. Acoustic enhancement

possible malignant

  1. Multiple thick septations
  2. Irregular walls
  3. large solid components
A

Sono findings with simple cyst

Sono criteria for an atypical and possible malignant cyst

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22
Q

Hypertrophy of renal cortical parenchyma located between two medullary pyramids. This may five the appearance of a mass effect although the echogenicity is equal to the peripheral cortical tissue.

A

Column of Bertin

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23
Q

Common anomaly which occur when the renal pelvis protrudes outside the renal hilum sonographically this is seen as a cystic collection medial to the renal hilum

A

Extrarenal pelvis

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24
Q

Common variant of cortical thickening of the lateral aspect of the left kidney

A

Dromedary hump

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25
Q

Defect is a triangular echogenic area in the anterior aspect of the RT upper pole of the kidney

A

Junctional Parenchymal

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26
Q

The most common cause of urinary obstruction in the male neonate. This obstruction results from a flap of mucosa with a slit-like opening in the area of the prostatic urethra

Findings:
Dilated urinary bladder, hydroutreter, hydronephrosis and, possibly, and urinoma

A

Posterior urethral valves most common cause in male neonates

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27
Q

A duplex kidney is discovered with dilation of the upper pole collecting system. In this situation, is there a partial or complete ureter duplication

A

W complete duplication of ureters, the ureter draining the upper portion always inserts in an ectopic location in the bladder. A frequent complication of ectopic ureter is a ureterocle, which is prolapse of the distal ureter into the bladder with cystic dilatation. This may extend into the kidney causing dilatation of the upper collecting system. Dilatation of the only the upper pole does not exists with partial ureter duplication

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28
Q

occur when the lower poles fuse and the kidneys ascend in the retroperitoneum. The lower poles are closer to the midline in a U-shaped configuration, opposed to the normal inverted V-shaped. The isthmus is the anterior to the distal abd aorta, and sonographically can mimic lymphadenopathy on a longitudinal image

A

Horse shoe kidney

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29
Q

Occurs when a kidney ascends to the contralateral side. Both ureters insert into their proper corners of the trigone of the bladder. Thus, the ureter of the kidney that ascended to the contralertal side crosses the midline, Sonographically this appears as two kidneys on one side of the ABD

A

Crossed renal ectopia

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30
Q

Occurs when the developing kidneys fuse in the pelvis. One kidney ascends to its normal postion and carries the other one W it across the midline. Sonogrpahically, this appears as two kidneys fused at the upper and lower poles on one side of the ABD

A

Crossed fused renal ectopia

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31
Q

associated with uterine duplication (bicornuate uterus) in females, and seminal vesicle agenesis in males

A

Unilater renal agenesis

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32
Q

associated with oligo and pulmonary hypoplasia is incompatible with life?

A

Bilateral renal agenesis

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33
Q

What fascia which encloses the kidneys, adrenal glands and perinephric fat

A

Gerota’s fascia or the perirenal space

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34
Q

Collecting tubules which appear as hypoechoic triangles in newborns and infants. In adults, they are not commonly imaged, but this depends on PT body habitus

A

Medullary pyramids

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35
Q

Tracing the renal arteries

A

The main renal artery branches from the aorta. Upon entering the hilum of the kidney it divides into five segmental arteries, which in turn divide into interlobar Arteries

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36
Q

Tracing the renal arteries

A

Interlobar arteries are seen between the medullary pyramids. Ast the base of the medullary pyramids, the arcuate arteries branch perpendicular from the interlobar arteries. The arcuate arteries are seen running parallel to the renal capsule

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37
Q

Tracing the renal arteries

A

Interlobular arteries branch of the arcuate arteries and run perpendicular to the renal capsule

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38
Q

Diaphragm

Quadratus lumborum muscle

Psoas muscle

A

Posterior to the kidneys

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39
Q

The vein exits anteriorly

The artery enters between the vein and ureter

The ureter exits posteriorly

A

Structures that enter and exit the renal hilum

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40
Q
  1. Echogenic thrombus within vessel lumen
  2. An increase in portal vein diameter
  3. Portosystemic collateral circulation
  4. Cavernous transformation
A

sonographic indications of portal vein thrombosis

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41
Q

Chara by viscous secretions leading to pancreatic insufficiency. When severely affected, what is the sonoraphic appearance of the pancreas in a PT with cystic fibrosis

A

Cystic fibrosis

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42
Q

Increased echogenicty of the pancreatic parenchyma

A

the chronic appearance of the pancreas in a PT with cystic fibrosis

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43
Q

True pancreatic cysts are uncommon. Multiple pancreatic cysts are associated with what two syndromes?

A

Multiple pancreatic cysts are associated with

Autosomal dominant (adult) polycysitc kidney disease and 
Von hippel-lindau syndrome
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44
Q

What type of hematoma is the result of splenic trauma in which of the splenic capsule remains intact

A

Intraparenchymal or sub capsular hematoma

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45
Q

What type of hematoma is the result of splenic trauma in which the splenic capsule ruptures

A

Perisplenic or intraperitoneal hematoma

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46
Q

Peripheral wege-shaped hypoechoic lesion

A

appearance of splenic infarct

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47
Q
  1. Cystic degeneration of infarcts or hematomas
  2. cysts associated with adult polycystic kidney disease
  3. Parasitic cysts of the spleen (echinococcal cysts)
  4. Pancreatic pseudocysts
A

Structures that appear as cystic splenic masses

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48
Q

The stomach is ______ to the splenic hilum

A

Anterior, medial

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49
Q

Tail of the pancreas is _____ to the stomach

A

Posterior

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50
Q

The left kidney is _____ to the spleen

A

Inferior and medial

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51
Q

The tail of the pancreas is _______ to the upper pole of the LT kidney

A

Anterior

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52
Q
  1. Breakdown of hemoglobin
  2. Formation of bile pigment
  3. Formation of antibodies
  4. A reservoir of blood
A

The 4 functions of the spleen

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53
Q

Collections of pancreatic fluid encapsulated by fibrous tissue

A

Pancreatic Pseudocysts

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54
Q
  1. Acute pancreatits
  2. chronic pancreatitis
  3. Trauma, and
  4. Pancreatic cancer
A

Pancreatic pseudocysts are cuased by?

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55
Q

Commonly located within the anterior pararenal space of the retorperitoneum and the lesser sac of the peritoneum

A

most common location of a pancreatic pseudocysts

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56
Q
  1. Pituitary adenoma
  2. Parathyroid adenoma
  3. Medullary thyroid carcinoma
  4. Pancreatic islet cell tumors
  5. Pheochromocytoma
  6. Ganglioneuromatosis
A

Six tumors that are associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome

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57
Q

small, well circumscribed masses, usuallly found within the pancreatic body and tail

Most common benign tumors of the pancreas, but they can also be malignant

A

Islet cell tumors

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58
Q

Two most common types of Islet cell tumors

A

Insulinoma and gastrinoma

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59
Q

Chara by hyperinsulinsim and hypoglycemia

A

Insulinoma

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60
Q

Associated with gastric hypersecretions and peptic ulcer disease (zollinger-Ellsion syndrome)

A

Gastrinomas

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61
Q

What does the celiac axis divide into?

A

LT gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries

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62
Q

Branches of common hepatic artery

A

hepatic proper and the gastroduodenal arteris

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63
Q

what two veins join to form the main portal vein

A

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

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64
Q

The pancreas is a nonencapsulated, rerperitoneal structure located between the second portion of the duodenum and the splenic hilum. What space in the retroperitoneum is the pancreas located?

A

Anterior pararenal space of the retroperitoneum

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65
Q

5 different parts of the pancreas

A

Head, Neck, Body, Tail and uncinate process

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66
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Islet cells of Langerhans which secretes insulin

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67
Q

Commonly seen in the hilum of the liver, as this is the direction of bile flow

A

Pneumobilia

68
Q

Chara by variable length echogenic foci in the distribution of the biliary tree, resulting in acoustic shadowing and reverberation ( Comet tail) artifacts

A

Sonogrpahically, Pneumobilia

69
Q
  1. Two cyst-like structures in the RUQ These are the gallbladder and the dilated common bile duct
  2. Dilated intrahepatic biliary tree
A

Choledochal cysts

70
Q

Usually occur in Asian women

Symptoms of pain, jaundice and an abdominal mass may be present.

A

Choledochal cysts

71
Q

chara sonographically by saccular, communicating intrahepatic bile duct dilatation

A

Caroli’s disease

72
Q

Associated with

  1. IPKD
  2. Congenital hepatic fibrosis
  3. Choldeochal cysts
A

Caroli’s disease

73
Q

Is enlarged, non diseased GB, associated with an extrinsic obstruction (i.e. pancreatic carcinoma) of the distal common bile duct

A

Courvoisier GB

74
Q

Presents as a fluid-fluid level that produces acoustic shadowing

A

Milk of calcium bile

75
Q

Uncommon cancer, ulcerative colitis, sclerosing cholangitis, caroli’s disease, choledochal cyst, and parasitic infestations

A

Bile duct carcinoma

cholangiocarcinoma

76
Q

Commonly located in the CHD and CBD. A klatskin tumor is specific type. Located at the hepatic hilum. With Klatskin tumor intrahepatic bile duct dilatation should be seen without extrahepatic

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

77
Q

The head of the pancreas is _____ to the IVC

A

anterior

78
Q

The head of the pancreas is ______ to the second portion of the duodenum

A

Medial

79
Q

The common bile duct is ____ to the head of the pancreas

A

Posterior lateral

80
Q

The Gastroduodenal artery is ____ The head of the pancreas

A

Anterior lateral

81
Q

The superior mesenteric artery and vein are ______ to the neck of the pancreas

A

posterior

82
Q

The uncinate process is ______ to the Superior mesenteric artery and vein

A

Posterior

83
Q

The arota _____ to the body of the pancreas

A

Posterior

84
Q

The celicac axis arises from the arota ___ to the pancreas

A

superior

85
Q

The gastroduodenal artery and common bile duct run _____ To the first portion of the duodenum

A

posterior

86
Q

The splenic vein is ___ to the pancreas

A

posterior

87
Q

The superior mesenteric artery arises from the arota ____ to the pancreas

A

inferior

88
Q

The superior mesenteric artery and vein are ______ to the uncinate process of the pancreas

A

anterior

89
Q

the superior mesenteric artery and vein are _____ to the third portion of the doudenum

A

anterior

90
Q

The superior mesenteric vein is to the ______ of the superior mesentreic artery

A

right

91
Q

The portal vein is the result of the combination of the _____ and the ______

A

superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

92
Q

What are two most common causes of pancreatitis?

A

alcohol abuse and biliary calculi

93
Q

diagnosed with clinical and laboratory findings. On sonography may demonstrate a normal pancreas. With increasing severity, decreased echogenicity and increased gland size and noted

A

sonographic findings with acute pancreatitis?

94
Q

Progressive, irreversible destruction of the pancreas.

  1. small echogenic gland
  2. calcification’s
  3. pancreatic duct dilation
  4. pseudocyst formation
A

Sonographic signs of chronic pancreatitis?

95
Q

Sonogrpahically seen as a solid focal hypoechoic mass typically (70%) in the head of the pancreas.

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

96
Q

what sign is associated with an adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head resulting in extrinsic compression of the common bile duct and an enlarged gallbladder

A

Courvoisier’s sign

97
Q
  1. Dilated biliary system
  2. dilated pancreatic duct
  3. Liver metastases
  4. ascites
  5. lymphadenopathy
  6. pseudocyst formation
A

Additional findings with adenocarcinoma pancreatic

98
Q

1, common hepatic duct

  1. cystic duct
  2. common bile duct
A

Three extrahepatic biliary ducts

99
Q

Klatskin tumor causes intrahepatic biliary dilatation without extrahepatic biliary dilatation.

A

The pathology that causes intrahepatic biliary dilatation w/o extrahepatic biliary dilatation

100
Q

Is an extrahepatic bile duct obstruction due to a stone within the cystic duct. The stone causes extrinsic mechanical compression of the common hepatic duct

A

Mirizzi’s syndrome

101
Q

Sono findings include intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, a normal-sized CBD, and a large stone in the cystic duct of the gallbladder

A

Sono findings with Mirizzi’s syndrome

102
Q

What are two signs that indicate intrahepatic bile duct dilatation

A

Shot gun sign and parallel channel sign both describe the appearance of a dilated bile duct adjacent to a portal vein. Other is Stellate or star-shape

103
Q

Two most common causes of biliary tract obstruction?

A
  1. gallstones (choledocholithiasis)

2. Carcinoma of the pancreas

104
Q
  1. alkaline phosphatase (elevated)
  2. conjugated (direct) bilirubin (elevated)
  3. gamma glutyml transpeptidase (elevated)
A

Lab values elevated due to biliary tract obstruction

105
Q

Uncommon, present as an intraluminal mass, asymmetric wall thickening or a mass-filled gallbladder

A

sono finding with gallbladder carcinoma?

106
Q
  1. Liver metastases
  2. lymphadenoapthy
  3. bile duct dilation
A

Other sono findings for gallbladder carcinoma

107
Q

What is Rokitansky-Ascholff sinuses (RAS)?

A

diverticula within the wall of the gallbladder

108
Q

what pathology is associated with Rokitansky-Ascholff sinuses (RAS)?

A

Adenomyomatosis . Sludge and stones accumulate within the sinuses, and present as a focal wall thickening

Causes characteristic comet tail reverberation artifact

109
Q

Distended, non inflamed gallbladder due to total obstruction of the cystic duct. The trapped bile is reabsorbed and the gallbladder is filled with a clear muscinous secretion derived from the mucosa.

A

The mechanism of hydrops of the gallbladder

110
Q

About gallbladder hydrops

A

asymptomatic and may present as a palpable, RUQ mass. The diagnosis should be suspected on US when obstructing stone is noted in an enlarged, but non-tender, gallbladder

111
Q

what is emphysematous cholecysistis

A

an infection associated with gas-forming bacteria within the wall of the gallbladder

112
Q

Sono findings of emphysematous cholecysistis

A

gas shadowing from the wall for the gallbladder

113
Q

Three lobes of the liver

A
  1. Rt lobe
  2. Lt lobe
  3. caudate lobe
114
Q
  1. Caudate
  2. Lt lateral superior segment
  3. Lt later inferior segment
  4. Lt medical superior segment
  5. Lt medical inferior segment
  6. Rt anterior superior segment
  7. Rt anterior inferior segment
  8. Rt posterior superior segment
  9. Rt posterior inferior segment
A

The segments of the liver

115
Q

Universal system of liver segmentation used for hepatic lesion localization. It is based on the functional distribution of portal veins. Each segment has its own hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

A

Couniaud’s Anatomy

116
Q

Which portion of the liver receives both Rt and Lt portal branches

A

Caudate lobe Also drains into the inferior vena cava via the emissary veins

117
Q

The liver’s covering is called_____ what is another term for the covering

A

Glisson’s capsule and is also visceral peritoneum

118
Q

The lining of the abd cavity

A

Parietal peritoneum

119
Q

Hepatopetal

A

portal vein flow toward the liver is termed hepatopetal

120
Q

Hepatofugal

A

Portal vein flow away from the liver is termed hepatofugal

121
Q

Hyperechoic-

A

echogencicity that is greater than reference structure

122
Q

Hypoechoic-

A

Echogenicity that is less than reference structure

123
Q

Anechoic (sonolucent)

A

absence of echoes

124
Q

Isoechoic-

A

Echogenicity that is equal to the reference structure

125
Q

Abdominal structures from hyperechoic to hypoechoic is:

A

Renal sinus

Pancreas

Liver/spleen

Renal cortex

126
Q

Which vessels are considered to be intersegmental within the liver?

A

Thin walled hepatic veins

127
Q

Which vessels are considered to be intrasegmental within the liver

A

The portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct course together into the center of each hepatic segment. These three vessels form the portal triad.

128
Q

incomplete boundary which can be located by an imaginary line from the gallbladder fossa to the IVC. This boundary separates the Rt and Lt Lobes of the liver and the middle hepatic vein is a landmark of this fissure

A

Main lobar fissure

129
Q

which two segments of liver does the main lobar fissure separate

A

Rt anterior segment of the Rt lobe from the Lt medical segment of the Lt lobe

130
Q

Is a coronal division of the Rt lobe of the liver. It divides the Rt lobe into the anterior and posterior sections. The Rt hepatic vein is a landmark of the right intersegmental fissure

A

Rt intersegmental fissure

131
Q

sagittal division of the Lt lobe of the liver. It divides the Lt Lobe into medial and lateral sections. The hepatic vein, ligamentum teres, falciform ligament and the ascending segment of the Lt portal vein are landmarks of the intersegmental fissure

A

Lt intersegmental fissure

132
Q

Remenant of the ductus venosus, which prenatally conucts blood from the Lt portal vein to the IVC. The ligamentum venosum and the prox portion of the LT portal vein separate the medial segment of the Lt lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe

A

Ligamentum Venosum

133
Q

Posteriorly by the IVC

Anteroinferiorly by the prox LT portal vein

Anterolaterally by the ligamentum venosum

Inferiorly by the main portal vein

A

The caudate lobe boundaries

134
Q

Posterior, crescent-shaped portion of the liver which is not covered by the pertioneum

A

Bare area

135
Q

Reflection of the parietal peritoneum onto the liver surface, becoming the visceral peritoneum

A

Coronary ligament

136
Q

Reflections, or coronary ligaments, at each corners of the bare area are termed the

A

Rt and Lt triangular ligaments

137
Q

Liver anomaly that is more common in women then men. Seen as the Rt love of the liver extending beyond the lower pole of the Rt kidney, Increases the superior/inferior dimension

A

Reidel’s lobe

138
Q

Enlarged Lt lobe measures greater than 15.5 cm

A

Hepatomegaly

139
Q

Usually solitary, and occur in the Rt lobe of the liver. They are caused by bacteria which reach the liver via the bile ducts, portal veins, hepatic arteries or lymphatic channels

A

Pyogenic Abscesses

140
Q

Appears as Hypoechoic, rounded, fluid-filled masses with variable degrees of internal echoes or debris. As with any abscess, echogenic foci may be seen as a result of gas-producing organisms

A

Sono findings for pyogenic abscesses

141
Q

sono is (starry night sign)

Hypoechoic liver paranchyma

Liver enlargement

Hyperechoic portal vein walls

A

Acute hepatitis

142
Q

Sono is Hyperehcoic liver parenchyma

Small liver

Decreased echogenicity of portal vein walls

A

Chronic hepatitis

143
Q

Due to protozoan parasites, entamoeba hystolytica, which enter the intestinal tract and reside in the colon. The amoebae may extend into the liver via the portal vein. Most amoebic abscesses occur in the Rt love of the liver the indirect hem agglutination test is used for diagnosis

A

Amoebic abscesses

144
Q

Round oval-shaped hypoechoic mass

Absence of prominent wall

Fine low-level internal echoes

Distal enhancement

contiguous with diaphragm

A

Amoebic abscess sono appearance with in the liver

145
Q

Prevalent in sheep and cattle raising countries. Humans occasionally the hosts when the eggs are ingested. The embryos travel from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, viz the portal vein.

A

Hydatid disease

146
Q

large (pericyst) cyst, containing one or more smaller daughter cysts (endocysts). Fine internal echoes (hydatid sand) are also found within these cysts.

A

Sono appearance of the echinococcal cyst

147
Q

Most common parastic infections worldwide (Africa and South America). What is the most significant vascular event associated with this?

A

Schistosomiasis

Intrahepatic portal vein occlusion by the larvae, leading to portal hypertension

148
Q

appears as distended, echogenic debris-filled intrahepatic portal veins

A

sono findings with Schistosomiasis

149
Q

what is the most common organism causing infections in AIDS and other immuncompromized patients

A

Pneumocystis carinii

150
Q

Involvement of the liver is seen as non shadowing echogenic foci

A

sono pneumocystis carinii

151
Q

Regions of increased echogenicity present within a background of normal liver parenchyma.

A

sono of fatty infiltration

152
Q

Islands of normal liver parenchyma, which appear as hypoechoic masses within a dense fatty infiltrated liver. Focal fatty sparing commonly seen adjacent to the gallbladder.

A

Focal Fatty sparing

153
Q

Results in large quantities of glycogen being deposited in the hepatocytes of the liver and convoluted tubules the kidney.

A

Glycogen storage

154
Q

What liver mass is associated with glycogen storage disease

A

Hepatic Adenomas

155
Q

Linked to usage of oral contraceptive agents. Due to the increase incidence of tumor hemorrhage and risk of malignant transformation, surgical resection is usually recommended. It is difficult to distinguish from focal nodular hyperplasia

A

Hepatic adenomas

156
Q

Hepatocelluar death, fibrosis and regeneration are the three pathological mechanisms of cirrhosis

A

three pathological mechanisms of cirrhosis

157
Q

Classic clinic presentation of cirrhosis

A

hepatomegaly, jaundice and ascites

158
Q

Clinical signs of portal hypertension are

A

ascites, splenomegaly and varices

159
Q

has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic liver disease, pancreatic carcinoma, and pancreatitis

A

Portal vein thrombosis

160
Q

intraluminal thrombus

increased vein diameter

Cavernous transformations

A

Sono findings of portal vein thrombosis

161
Q

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

A

characterized by occlusion of the hepatic veins

162
Q

hepatic vein thrombosis

ascites

hepatomegaly- acute phase

caudate lobe enlargement-chronic phase

portal hypertension

A

sono findings of Budd-Chiari

163
Q

Most common benign tumors of the liver

A

Cavernous hemangiomas

164
Q

appears as a small well-defined, hyperechoic mass with possible posterior acoustic enhancement

A

Cavernous Hemangioma sono finding

165
Q

is a common benign liver mass

A

Focal Nodular hyperplasia

166
Q

Solitary mass, usually less than 5 cm in diameter, that may have a central fibrous scar.

A

Focal Nodular hyperplasia

167
Q

Hemangioimas, hepatic lipomas, echogenic metastasis and focal fatty infiltration

A

well defined hyperechoic liver masses

ABD Board flash cards (2 decks)

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